Great scientists Period 5 Grammar 教案。

俗话说，居安思危，思则有备，有备无患。高中教师要准备好教案为之后的教学做准备。教案可以让学生能够听懂教师所讲的内容，帮助高中教师提前熟悉所教学的内容。优秀有创意的高中教案要怎样写呢？下面是小编精心为您整理的“Great scientists Period 5 Grammar 教案”，欢迎阅读，希望您能阅读并收藏。

Period5Grammar

TheGeneralIdeaofThisPeriodThisisthefifthperiod,whichwillcenteronthegrammar:usingthepastparticipleastheattributeandthepredicative.Atthebeginningofthisperiod,theteachershouldgivethestudentssometimetogooverwhattheylearnedinthelastperiod.?Latertheteacherhadbetterpresentsomesentencescontainingthepastparticipleusedastheattributeandthepredicativeonpurposebyaskingthestudentstodosomeexercises.Getthestudentstofindallthesentencescontainingthepastparticipleinthetwopassages.Afterfindingthem,theteachercanaskthestudentstoanalyzethemandunderstandthefunctionofthepastparticipleinthosesentences.Afterthattheteachershouldgivethestudentsclearexplanationsabouttheusageofthegrammar.?Aftermasteringtherulesofthepastparticiple,thestudentsshouldbegivenmoreexercisestoconsolidatewhattheylearn.Theteachershouldarrangesomeactivitiescarefullyandcreatively.Firstletthemdosomesimpleexercises.Forexample,combinethetwosentencesusingthepastparticipleastheattributeandthepredicative.Thenaskthemtomakesomesentencesusingthepastparticiple.?Besidesthat,theteachershouldhelpthestudentstoreviewtheotherusagesofthepastparticiple.Intheend,letthemwriteapassageusingthepastparticipleproperly.?Apartfromtheusageofthepastparticiple,theteacherhadbettermakethestudentsunderstandthedifferencesbetweenthepastparticipleandthepresentparticiple.Inordertohavethestudentsmasterit,theteachershouldchoosesomeexercisestosupplythestudentswithsomeproblemstodealwith.Bydoingandpracticingmore,thestudentsmaymasterthegrammar.?TeachingImportantPoint?Tolearnaboutthepastparticipleusedastheattributeandthepredicative.?TeachingDifficulty?Toknowthedifferencesbetweenthepastparticipleandthepresentparticiple.?TeachingAidsMulti-mediaclassroomandothernormalteachingtools.?

ThreeDimensionalTeachingAimsKnowledgeAim?Tolearnaboutthepastparticipleusedastheattributeandthepredicative.?AbilityAim?Tousethepastparticipleusedastheattributeandthepredictivefreelyandproperlyinspeakingandwriting.?EmotionalAimsEncouragethestudentslearnmoreaboutthegrammar.?Helpthestudentstoformthegoodhabitinlearning.?Encouragethestudentstodomoreexercisestoconsolidatetheirknowledge.?

TeachingProcedureStep1GreetingT:Hello,myfriends.?Ss:Hello,Miss...?Step2RevisionT:Doyoustillrememberwhatyoulearnedinthisunit?Wouldyoupleasesaysomething?aboutthegreatscientistswelearnedinthisunit.FirstpleasesomethingaboutJohnSnow.?S:Johnsnow,awell-knowndoctorin!--?xml:namespaceprefix=st1ns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"/--London,defeatedcholera.?S:Hegotinterestedintwotheoriesexplaininghowcholerakilledpeople.?S:JohnSnowgatheredtheinformationandmarkeditonamapwhereallthedeadpeople?hadlived.?S:Hediscoveredthatmanyofthedeathswerenearthewater.Itseemedthewaterwastoblame.?Ss:...?T:Youreallydidaverygoodjob.Now,let’ssaysomethingaboutNicolausCopernicus.?S1:NicolausCopernicusbelievedthattheearthisnotthecentreofthesolarsystem.ButatthattimepeopleallbelievedGodhadmadetheworldandforthatreasontheearthwasspecialandmustbethecentreofthesolarsystem.?S2:In1514heshowedhistheoryprivatelytohisfriendsandexplainedhistheory.?S3:HewasverycautiousbecausehedidnotwanttobeattackedbytheChristianchurch.?S4:Hepublishedhistheoryashelaydyingin1543.?S5:HistheorywasrejectedbytheChristianChurch.?Step3PresentationT:Todaywewilllearnthegrammar—pastparticipleusedastheattributeandthepredicative.FirstlookatyourtextonPage4,partI.Lookatthefollowingsentenceswherethepastparticiplesareused.?T:Inthissentencethepastparticipleisusedasanattributephrase.Terrifiedpeoplemeanspeoplewhowereterrified.Nowpleasefindtwomoreexamplesfromthereadingpassageswithpastparticiplesusedastheattribute.Youareallowedtofindasmanysentencesaspossibleintwominutes.(Twominuteslater,askthestudentstoreportwhattheyhavefound.)?S1:Fromthestomachthediseaseattackedthebodyquicklyandsoontheaffectedpersonwasdead.?S2:ImmediatelyJohnSnowtoldtheastonishedpeopleinBroadStreettoremovethehandlefromthewaterpumpsoitcouldnotbeused.?S3:JohnSnowsuggestedthatthesourceofallwatersuppliesbeexaminedandnewmethodsofdealingwithpollutedwaterbefound.?S4:Heplacedafixedsunatthecentreofthesolarsystem.?T:Good.Youjustfoundallthesentencescontainingthepastparticiplesusedastheattributes?.Besidesusingastheattribute,thepastparticiplescanalsobeusedasthepredicative.Canyoufindthesentenceswithpastparticiplesusedasthepredicative?Finishitintwominutes.?(Twominuteslater,letthestudentsreadthesesentenceswithpastparticiplesasthepredicative.)?S1:Neitheritscause,noritscurewasunderstood.?S2:Heknewitwouldneverbecontrolleduntilitscausewasfound.S3:Hegotinterestedintwotheoriesexplaininghowcholerakilledpeople.?S4:TheyweregivenfreebeerandsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpump.?S5:Hefoundthatitcamefromtheriver,whichhadbeenpollutedbythedirtywaterfromLondon.?S6:ImmediatelyJohnSnowtoldtheastonishedpeopleinBroadStreettoremovethehandle?fromthewaterpumpsoitcouldnotbeused.?...Step4PractisingT:Fromthesentencesmentionedjustnow,whatdoyouknowabouttheusageofpastparticiplesastheattributeandthepredicative??S:Weusepastparticiplesasattributeswhenwewanttojointwoclausestogether.?T:Yes,verygood.Nowlet’slookatthescreenandfinishtheexercisesquickly.PastParticipleastheAttributePastParticipleasthePredicative1.terrifiedpeople?2.reservedseats?3.pollutedwater?4.acrowdedroom?5.apleasedwinner?6.?7.?8.?9.?10.1.?2.?3.?4.?5.?6.childrenwholookastonished?7.avasethatisbroken?8.adoorthatisclosed?9.theaudiencewhofeeltired?10.ananimalthatistrappedSuggestedanswers:1.peoplewhoareterrified2.seatswhicharereserved3.waterwhichispolluted4.aroomwhichiscrowded5.awinnerwhoispleased6.astonishedchildren7.abrokenvase8.acloseddoor9.thetiredaudience10.atrappedanimal过去分词作定语,在语态上,表被动;在时间上,表示动作已经发生或完成,与它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。过去分词作定语时,所修饰的名词在逻辑上相当于被动句中的主语,过去分词相当于谓语。如:?Thedestroyedhousewillberebuiltnextyear.?这种情况下的过去分词为及物动词的过去分词。不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独作前置定语,少数表示状态改变或位置转移的动词的过去分词可前置,仅表示时间的完成,无被动意义。而现在分词表示动作正在进行。如:?fallingleaves正在下落的树叶adevelopingcountry发展中国家theboilingwater沸水?fallenleaves落叶adevelopedcountry发达国家theboiledwater(凉）开水?T:Besidesthis,thepastparticiplecanbeputafterthenountomodifythenounform,forexample,Thefamouswriter’splay,mentionedinoneofmybooks,waspublishedin1963.Doyouunderstandthesentence?S:Thefamouswriter’splay,whichwasmentionedinoneofmybooks,waspublishedin1963.T:Yes,verygood.Inthissentencewecangettwopiecesofinformation.A:Thefamouswriter’splaywaspublishedin1963.B:Theplaywasmentionedinoneofmybooks.Now,let’sdosomeexercisestocombinetwosentencestogetherusingpastparticipleastheattribute.?1.Thisisoneofthequestions.Itwasdiscussedatthemeetingyesterday.?S:Itisoneofthequestionsdiscussedatthemeetingyesterday.T:Hisletterwasaddressedtothewrongnumber.Itreachedmelate.?S:Hisletter,addressedtothewrongnumber,reachedmelate.?T:Thestudentsdidn’tknowhowtoanswerit.Theyweresurprisedatthewaythequestion?wasput.?S:Thestudents,surprisedatthewaythequestionwasput,didn’tknowhowtoanswerit.?T:Theaudienceallvoicedsupportforthesuggestion.Theyweremovedbyhisspeech.?S:Theaudience,movedbyhisspeech,allvoicedsupportforhissuggestion.?T:Basketballisnowaninterestingsport.ItwasfirstplayedintheUSA.?S:Basketball,firstplayedintheUSA,isnowaninterestingsport.?T:Welldone.?注意下面过去分词作定语的几种情况:?1.单个的过去分词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。如:theterrifiedpeople,thepolluted?water,theastonishedpeople。?单个分词也可以作后置定语,用以强调动作。如:?Theydecidedtochangethematerialused.他们决定更换使用的材料。?2.过去分词短语作定语要放在被修饰的名词后面,作后置定语,其作用相当于一个定语从句。如:ThemanchosenmayorofthecityreceivedaDoctor’sDegreeofEngineering?.?3.如被修饰的词是something,anything,everything,nothing等,分词放在被修饰词的后面。如:Doyouhaveanythingunfinished??4.单个过去分词前加一名词或副词,常用连字符将它们连接起来构成一个复合形容词,放在其修饰的名词前,作前置定语。分词前加的名词表示分词的动作或行为主体,所加的副词表示方式、时间、程度、性质等意义。如:anewly-bornbaby,awell-knowndoctor。?T:Nowlet’scometothepastparticipleusedasthepredicative.Generallyspeakingthepastparticipleusedasthepredicativeshowsthestatethesubjectremains.(过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。)eg:Iwassurprisedtofindthatsuchgreatchangeshadtakenplaceinthecollege.?Nowlookatthescreen.Finishtheexercisesquickly.?1.Hegot__________aboutlosingthemoney.?2.Whydoyoualwayslookso__________?Doyousleepwellthesedays??3.Iwas__________withthefilmIsawlastnight.Ihadexpectedittobebetter.?4.Everybodywas__________tohearthedeathofthefamousfilmstar.?5.Thechildrenarereally__________aboutgoingtothezoo.?6.Hiswoundbecame__________withanewvirus.?Suggestedanswers:1.worried2.tired3.disappointed4.astonished5.excited6.infected?T:Welldone.Step5FurtherPractising?T:Nowlet’sdosomeexercises.?1.TheOlympicGames,__________(play)in776B.C.,didnotincludewomenplayersuntil?1912.?2.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesget__________(pay)bythehour.?3.Mostofthepeople__________(invite)tothepartydidn’tturnupbecauseoftheheavyrain.4.Whoistheman__________(talk)toourheadmaster??5.Theprofessor__________(pay)avisittoourschoolisfromBeijingUniversity.?6.The__________(die)manwasimmediatelytakentohospital.?7.Thesoldiersgotoffthetruckandmovedthe__________(fall)treeawayfromthehighway.8.We__________(surprise)tofindthatfewofthestudentsdidtheexperimentwell.?Suggestedanswers:1～8:played,paid,invited,talking,paying,dying,fallen,surprised?Step6ConsolidationT:Inthisperiod,wemainlyfocusonthepastparticipleusedastheattributeandthepredicative.Afterclass,wouldyoupleasewriteapassagecontainingpastparticiplesandpresentparticiples,whichshowsthatyouhaveknownhowtousepastparticiplesproperly?Besides,youwillalsohavetofinishtheexercisesonPage44Ex1-2using?thepastparticiple.?

TheDesignoftheWritingontheBlackboard

Unit1Greatscientists

Period5GrammarPastparticiplesusedastheattributePastparticiplesusedasthepredicative1.Itisoneofthequestionsdiscussedatthemeetingyesterday.2.Hisletter,addressedtothewrongnumber,reachedmelate.3.Theaudience,movedbyhisspeech,allvoicedsupportforhissuggestion.?4.Basketball,firstplayedintheUSA,isnowaninterestingsport.1.Hegotworriedaboutlosingthemoney.?2.Whydoyoualwayslooksotired??3.IwasdisappointedwiththefilmIsawlastnight.Ihadexpectedittobebetter.?4.Everybodywasastonishedtohearthedeathofthefamousfilmstar.?5.Thechildrenarereallyexcitedaboutgoingtothezoo.

ResearchandActivitiesSupposeyouaremayorofWuxi.Findoutmeasurestostoppollution.Pleaseusethepastparticipleastheattributeandthepredicative.NowadayseveryoneinWuxiisworriedabouttheenvironment.Theairispolluted.Thewaterispolluted.Wecannotbreathethepollutedairanymore.Let’stakeaction—Studentsshouldusetheirimaginationandcreativitytocontinuethewriting.?

ReferenceforTeaching

现在分词和过去分词的区别现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:现在分词表示“主动和进行”,过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。?1.单个分词作定语一般放在被修饰之前（有些单个过去分词作宾语时,也可放在被修饰词之后）,如:分词短语作定语一般放在被修饰词之后,有时可用定语从句代替。单个分词作前置定语表示被修饰词所发出的动作,即分词动作的逻辑主语是它修饰的词。如:?TheexcitingnewsthatChineseathleteswonover20goldmedalsinSydney2000OlympicGamesinspiredallofus.（单个现在分词作前置定语,表示被修饰词所发出的动作,即Thenewswasexciting.）?Thebuildinglyingonthewestoftheseacostsome20000000dollars.（现在分词短语作后置定语,相当于一个定语从句thatlies）?现在分词表示主动的动作或正在进行的主动动作,如:boilingwater,therisingsun,developingcountry;过去分词表示被动动作或已完成的动作,如:boiledwater,therisensun,developedcountry。?2.分词作后置定语应注意:?(1)现在分词表示的动作:?①一个正在进行的动作,如:?Canyouseetheshipdisappearing(thatisdisappearing)inthedistance??②表示将来的动作,如:?Canyoutellmethenumberofpeoplecomingtotheparty(whowillcometotheparty)??③表示某个经常性的动作或状态,如;?Thegirllookingafter(wholooksafter)Harry’schildrengets200dollarsaweek.?(2)过去分词表示的动作:?①发生在谓语动词的动作之前,如:?Isthisthebookwritten(thatwaswritten)byHenryJames??②与句中谓语动词是相应的经常性的动作,如:?Hewasthenaprofessorrespected(thatwasrespected)byalltheteachersandstudentsofthecollege.?③being+过去分词结构表示动作正在进行,如:?The65-storeyedbuildingbeingbuilt(thatisbeingbuilt)willberunbyaUScompany.?正在建设的那座65层大楼将由一家美国公司经营。?④tobe+过去分词结构表示一个将来动作,如:?Hewasinvitedtotheconferencetobeheld(thatwillbeheld)inShanghaiinMay2001.?分词前置?Wecanseetherisingsun.我们可以看到东升的旭日。?Heisaretiredworker.他是位退休的工人。?分词后置(i.分词词组;ii.个别分词如given,left;iii.修饰不定代词something等)?Therewasagirlsittingthere.有个女孩坐在那里。?Thisisthequestiongiven.这是所给的问题。?Thereisnothinginteresting.没有有趣的东西。?过去分词作定语?与其修饰的词是被动关系,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。?Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.?MostoftheartistsinvitedtothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.?

典型例题1)Thefirsttextbook__________forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havewrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written解析：书与写作是被动关系,应用过去分词作定语表被动,相当于定语从句whichiswritten。?答案：D?2）What’sthelanguage__________inGermany??A.speakingB.spokenC.bespokenD.tospeak解析：主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式,在句中作定语,修饰主语language,spoken与language有被动关系。该句可以理解为:What’sthelanguage(whichis)spokeninGerman??答案：B?3.作表语的分词通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。如:?(1)Thestoryisinteresting.故事有趣。?Weareinterestedincomputers.我们对计算机感兴趣。?(2)Theglassisbroken.玻璃杯破了。?(3)Thewaterisboiled.水是开的。?

两种形式的过去分词在英语中,有些动词有两种过去分词形式,并且它们在用法和意义上不同?1)learned/learnt?两者都可用在完成式中构成谓语,但learned还可作定语“博学的”之意解。而learnt不能。[举例]Wehavelearned/learnt200newwordssincelastterm.?从上学期开始,我们已经学了200个新词了。?ProfessorWangisalearnedman.王教授是个有学问的人。?2)lighted/lit?lighted可用作定语,lit用作表语。?[举例]Thelightedcandlelitthewholeroom.?点燃了的蜡烛照亮了房间。?Thecigaretteisnotlit.烟没点着。?3)hung/hanged?hung意为“悬挂”,hanged意为“绞死,吊死”。?[举例]Afamouspaintingishungonthewall.墙上挂着一幅名画。?Hewashangedbyhisenemy.他是被敌人绞死的。?4)hid/hidden?hid用于完成时,hidden可作表语和定语。?[举例]Thesunishidden.?太阳被云遮住了。?Theremustbesomeonehiddeninthecupboard.?一定有人藏在柜子里。?Wherehaveyouhidmybook??你把我的书藏在哪儿了？?5)struck/stricken?struck用于完成时构成谓语,stricken用作定语,还可表示“受到打击”。?[举例]Theclockhasstruckthree.?时钟已敲响了三点。?Therescueteamsracedtothestrickenship.?救援队立刻前往抢救遇难船只。?6)born/borne?born既可用作表语,又可用作定语,borne用于完成时构成谓语。?[举例]HewasborninJapanin1973.?他于1973年出生于日本。?Sheisabornsinger.?她是个天生的歌唱家。?Shehasbornetwoboys.?她已经生了两个男孩。?7)burned/burnt?burned强调燃烧的动作,burnt强调状态或结果,还可用作定语。?[举例]Alotofpeoplewereburnedinthebigfire.?很多人在那场大火中被烧死了。?Oilisburntincars.汽车用汽油作燃料。?Theburntpeoplearebeingtreatedinhospital.?烧伤的人们正在住院接受治疗。?8)sunk/sunken?sunk用作表语,sunken用作定语。?[举例]TheshipofTitanicwassunkforever.?泰坦尼克永久地沉没了。?Thesunkenboatcouldneverbefound.?那艘沉船再也没有找到。?9)melted/molten?melted用作表语,molten用作定语。?[举例]Theiceintheriverismelted.?河里的冰融化了。?Themoltensteellookslikewater.?熔化了的钢看上去像水一样。?

精选阅读

Great scientists Period 2 Reading教案

一名优秀的教师在教学时都会提前最好准备，作为教师就要精心准备好合适的教案。教案可以更好的帮助学生们打好基础，减轻教师们在教学时的教学压力。优秀有创意的教案要怎样写呢？下面是小编精心为您整理的“Great scientists Period 2 Reading教案”，希望能对您有所帮助，请收藏。

Period2Reading

TheGeneralIdeaofThisPeriodThisisthesecondperiodofthisunit.Thisperiodfocusesonthereadingpassage,whichisaboutJohnSnowandKingCholera.Atthebeginningoftheperiod,theteachercandesignsomeactivitiestodrawthestudents’attentiontoread.Inordertoattractthestudents’attention,theteacherhadbetterofferthestudentstheopportunitiestohaveacompetitionaboutsomeinformationaboutsomescientistsmentionedintheWarmingup.ThentheteachercanmakefulluseofthequestionsinthePre-reading.Thisstepisdesignedtomakeforpreparingforunderstandingthepassage.?Readingskillsareveryimportantforseniorstudents.Forthefirstreading,weintendtocultivateSs’skimmingabilityandscanningability.Firstaskthestudentstoscanitandtickoutwhat...arementionedinthepassage.Thenletthestudentsreadfasttofindoutthemainideaofeachparagraph.InordertostimulateSstotakepartintheclassactivitymoreactively,theteachercanorganizeagroupcompetitiontoseewhichgroupcanfinishthetaskfastestandbest.Forthesecondreading,thestudentsareexpectedtoknowsomedetailsaboutthepassage.Lateron,theteacherwillpresentsomequestionsforthestudentstoanswerandatthesametimetheyareaskedtofinishfillinginthechart.Thethirdtimeistoreadforfurtherinformation.ThispartisdesignedtogetSsintothehabitofreadingapassageasawhole,thatis,togetthegeneralidea.AnotherpurposeofthispartistoaskSstopayattentiontothedetails.?TodevelopSs’furtherunderstandingability,theteachercandesignsomequestions,whoseanswersarebeyondlines.Sotheteacherwillhelpthemtoreadbetweenthelines,thusSscangraduallygettheabilitytounderstandtheimpliedmeanings.Inthisstep,theteacherasksSstoreaditagaininordertomakethemthinkabouttheorganizationofthewholepassage,andthismethodcanhelpthemnotonlyintheirunderstandingthispassagebutalsoinwritingashortpassage.?Toconsolidatethecontentofthepassage,Ssarerequiredtoretellitaccordingtothemainidea.InordertoarousetheSs’interest;theteachercanholdacompetitionbetweengroups.Afterthestudentsunderstandthewholepassage,theyareaskedtohaveatopicdiscussion.?TeachingImportantPointsHaveagoodunderstandingofthetextbydoingtheexercises.?Getthestudentstolearndifferentreadingskills,especiallygistreadingandcomprehendingbeyondlines.TeachingDifficultiesKnowthemeaningsbetweenlinesandbeyondlines.?Learndifferentreadingskillsfordifferentreadingpurposes.?TeachingAidsMulti-mediaclassroomandothernormalteachingtools.?

ThreeDimensionalTeachingAimsKnowledgeAimHaveagoodunderstandingofthetextthroughtheexercises.?AbilityAimsGraspsomereadingskills.?Developtheabilitytodescribesomefamousscientists.?EmotionalAimsEncouragethestudentstoworkhardattheirlessonsinordertodevotethemselvestoscience.

TeachingProcedureStep1GreetingT:Hello,myfriends.?Ss:Hello,MissYang.?Step2RevisionT:Yesterdaywetalkedalotaboutgreatscientists.NowI’dlikeyoutoanswersomequestions?toseehowmuchyourememberaboutthem.Let’scometoagroupcompetition.Ifyouknowtheanswer,youcanjuststandup.Ifyougetyouranswerright,I’llgiveyoutenmarks.Areyouready?Listencarefully.Whichscientistdiscoveredthatobjectsinwaterareliftedupbyaforcethathelpsthemfloat?Anyvolunteer??S:Archimedes.T:Right.Whowroteabookexplaininghowanimalsandplantsdevelopedastheenvironmentchanged??S:CharlesDarwin.?T:Yes.Doyoustillrememberthetitleofthebook??S:OntheOriginofSpecies.??T:Verygood.Whoinventedthefirststeamengine??S:JamesWatt.?T:You’vedoneagoodjob.Whousedpeastoshowhowphysicalcharacteristicsarepassed?fromparentstotheirchildren??S:GregorMendel.?T:Canyousaysomethingabouthim??S:OK.Hisresearchgavebirthtothescienceofgenetics.?T:Welldone.Whodiscoveredradium??S:MadameCurie.?T:Yes,weknowsheisagreatwomanscientist.Weshouldrememberwhatshesaid.Lifeisnoteasyforanyofus.Wemustwork,andaboveallwemustbelieveinourselves.Wemustbelievethateachoneofusisabletodosomethingwell,andthat,whenwediscoverwhatthissomethingis,wemustworkhardatituntilwesucceed.?T:Whoinventedthewayofgivingelectricitytoeverybodyinlargecities??S:Faraday.?T:Youareright.Whowasthepainterthatstudieddeadbodiestoimprovehispaintingofpeople??S:LeonardodaVinci.?T:Yes.Whoinventedalamptokeepminerssafeunderground??S:HumphreyDavy.?T:Whoinventedtheearliestinstrumenttotellpeoplewhereearthquakeshappened??S:ZhangHeng.?T:Doyouknowwhatheinvented??S:Heinventedseismograph.?T:Whoputforwardatheoryaboutblackholes??S:StephenHawking.?T:Hewroteafamousbook.What’sthetitleofit??S:ABriefHistoryofTime.??T:Allofyoudidagoodjob.Forthetimebeing,thefirst/second...groupwonthecompetition.Buttherearealotofchancesforyoutocatch.Wewillcontinueourcompetitionlater.?Step3NewWordsT:TodaywearegoingtoreadanewpassageaboutanotherscientistnamedJohnSnow.Firstlet’scometonewwordsfirst.Herearesomedefinitionsofsomeofthewordsfromthistext.Pleaseworkinpairsandmatchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.?A.attend?B.control?C.handle?D.blame?E.absorb?F.announce?G.immediately?H.belinkedto?I.inaddition?J.expose1.havecontrol,authority,powerover?2.partofatool,bucket,drawer,etc.bywhichitmaybeheldinthehand3.takeorsuckin?4.atonceorwithoutdelay?5.uncover,leaveuncoveredorunprotected?6.aswell,besides?7.bejoinedwith,beconnectedwith?8.waiton,serve,lookafter?9.fixonsb.theresponsibilityforsth.doneornotdone?10.makeknownSuggestedanswers:B—!--?xml:namespaceprefix=st1ns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"/--1C—2E—3G—4J—5I—6H—7A—8D—9F—10?Step4Pre-readingT:Therearesomanyscientiststhatwecan’tcountthem.Butallthescientistsmusthavetheirscientificattitudeandscientificwaytodoscientificresearch.NowopenyourbooksonPage1.LookatthequestionsinPre-readingquicklyanddiscussthemwithyourpartnerintwominutes.?(Teachergivesthestudentstwominutestodiscuss.Afterthat,theteacherasksthemtoanswer?thethreequestions.)?T:First,let’stalkaboutinfectiousdiseases.Canyounamesome?Let’scometoagroupcompetitionagain.Ifyougetyouranswerright,I’llgiveyoutenmarks.?Ss:Birdflu,SARS,cholera...?T:Whatdoyouknowaboutcholera??S:Cholerawasa19thcenturydisease.?S:Cholerawasspreadbygerms.?S:Itwasthemostdeadlydiseaseofitsday.?S:Peoplewhoareinfectedwithitwillbeeasytodie.?S:...?T:Excellent.Now,let’scometoQuestion2.Howcanweproveanewideainscientificresearch?Whatorderwouldyouputthemin??Ss:findaproblem—makeupaquestion—thinkofamethod—collectresults—analysetheresults—repeatifnecessary—drawaconclusion.?Step5ReadingFirstreading:ScanningT:Hereisanothergreatscientist.Maybeyouarenotfamiliarwithhim.Lookathispicture?onPage2.JohnSnowwasthegreatscientistwhodefeatedKingCholera.Scanthepassageandtickoutwhatarementionedinthepassage?Iwillgiveyoutwominutes?.?(1)JohnSnow’swish?(2)JohnSnow’sattendingQueenVictoria?(3)twotheoriesexplainingthecauseofCholera?(4)JohnSnow’sexaminationofthesourceofthewater?(5)evidenceforthecauseofCholera?(6)thesourceofallwatersupplies?(7)thespreadofCholerabygermsinpollutedwaterSuggestedanswers:(1)(3)(4)(5)(7)arementionedinthepassage.?Secondreading:Skimmingtofindoutthemainideaforeachparagraph?T:Skimeachparagraphandfindoutthemainideaforeachone.Whenyouwanttofindthemainideaofeachparagraph,youespeciallypayattentiontothefirstsentenceandthelastone,whichmayhelpyoufindthemainideaquickly.Iwillgiveyouthreeminutestodoit.?(Theteacheroffersthreeminutesforthestudentstodoit.Lateraskssomestudentstoanswer.)Suggestedanswers:!--?xml:namespaceprefix=vns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml"/--Thirdreading:Detailed-readingtoanswerquestionsT:Now,let’sreadthepassagecarefullytolearnaboutmoredetails.LaterIwillletyouanswersomequestionsandfillinthechart.Let’scometoagroupcompetitionagain.Ifyougetyouranswerright,I’llgiveyoutwentymarks.ScientificReportbyJohnSnowTheproblemThecauseIdea1Idea2ThemethodTheresultsIdea1or2?Why?Theconclusion1.WhatproblemexistedinLondonathistime??2.Howdidcholerakillpeople??3.Howdidheprovethesecondtheorywascorrect??4.Whatwastheresultafterhelookedintothecauseofcholera??5.Whichideawasright?Why??6.Whatconclusiondidhedraw??Suggestedanswers:ScientificReportbyJohnSnowTheproblemThousandsofpeoplediedofcholeraeverytimetherewasanoutbreak.Neitheritscause,noritscurewasunderstood.ThecauseIdea1Choleramultipliedintheairwithoutreason.Idea2Peopleabsorbedthisdiseaseintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals.ThemethodHebegantogathertheinformation.Hemarkedonamapwhereallthedeadpeoplehadlivedandthemapgaveavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthedisease.Helookedintothesourceofthewater.TheresultsPollutedwatercarriedthedisease.PeoplewhodrankthepollutedwaterdiedofCholera.Idea1or2?Why?Idea2iscorrect.HefoundtwootherdeathsinanotherpartofLondonthatwerelinkedtothepollutedwater.Withthisextraevidence,hewasabletoannouncethatpollutedwatercarriedthedisease.Theconclusion“KingCholera”wasdefeated.FourthReading:FurtherunderstandingT:Fromthepassage,weknowthatJohnSnowbelievedthatIdea2wasright.Howdidhefinallyproveit?Ifyougetyouranswerright,I’llgiveyouthirtymarks.?Ss:JohnSnowbelievedinthesecondtheorybutneededtoprovehewascorrect.SowhenanotheroutbreakhitLondonin1854anditspreadquicklythroughthepoorneighbourhoods,hebegantogathertheinformation.Hedeterminedtofindoutwhy.Hemarkedonamapwhereallthedeadpeoplehadlivedandthemapgaveavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthedisease.HelookedintothesourceofthewaterforBroadStreetandCambridgeStreet.Hehadshownthatcholerawasspreadbygermsandnotinacloudofgas.Inaddition,hefoundtwootherdeathsinanotherpartofLondonthatwerelinkedtotheBroadStreetoutbreak.Theydiedofcholeraafterdrinkingthepollutedwater.Withextraevidence,hewasabletoannouncethatpollutedwatercarriedthedisease.FinallyKingCholerawasdefeated.?T:Youreallydidagoodjob.DoyouthinkJohnSnowwouldhavesolvedthisproblem?withoutthemap?Why?Ifyougetyouranswerright,I’llgiveyouthirtymarks.?S:Ithinkhewouldhavesolvedtheproblem.Buthewouldspendmoretimeintestingthetwotheoriesanditwouldbemoredifficultforhimtolookintothecauseofcholera.(Theteachershouldgivethemabouttwominutestodiscuss,andjoininthediscussionatthesametime.Afterthat,thestudentswillbeaskedtoshowtheiropinionstothewholeclass.)Step6ConsolidationT:Inthisperiod,wehavelearnedalotaboutJohnSnowandKingCholera.Whathaveyoulearnedfromit?Iwillgiveyouoneminutetoprepareforit.Ifyoursentenceisquitegood,I’llgiveyouthirtymarks.(Afteroneminute.)?S1:JohnSnowwasawell-knowndoctorinLondon.?S2:HeattendedQueenVictoriatoeasethebirthofherbabies.?S3:Hegotinterestedintwotheoriesexplaininghowcholerakilledpeople.?S4:JohnSnowhadshownthatcholerawasspreadbygermsandnotinacloudofgas.?S5:JohnSnowannouncedthatpollutedwatercarriedthedisease.?S6:...?T:Yoursentencesaresowonderfulandamazing.Iadmirethemverymuch.Whowouldliketoretellthewholepassagetous?Ifyoucan,I’llgiveyoufiftymarks.?Ss:...?Step7TopicdiscussionT:Nowlet’scometoourtopic.Weknowcholerawasa19thcenturydisease.Whatdiseasedoyouthinkissimilartocholeratoday?Why?Ifyoushowquiteagoodopinion,I’llgiveyouthirtymarks.ButfirstIwillgiveyoutwominutestodiscussitwithyourpartner.?(Theteachershouldgivethemabouttwominutestodiscuss,andjoininthediscussionatthesametime.Afterthat,thestudentswillbeaskedtoshowtheiropinionstothewholeclass.)?S:Sincealotofpeopledieofbirdflu,Ithinkbirdflutodayissimilartocholera.Nowthecauseofbirdfluisnotquiteclear,butscientistsdevotetheirlivestofindingoutthecauseandthecure.S:Inmyopinion,SARSisquitesimilartocholera.SARSisspreadbygermsintheairwhilecholeraisspreadbygermsinthepollutedwater.Alotofpeoplehavebeendying?ofSARS.?Ss:...?T:Thistime,thefirst/secondgroupwonthecompetition.Congratulations!?T:I’dlikeyoutowriteashortpassageaboutJohnSnowaccordingtothepassage.?

TheDesignoftheWritingontheBlackboard

Unit1Greatscientist

Period2ReadingMainideaofeachpartScientificReportbyJohnSnowTheproblemThecauseIdea1Idea2ThemethodTheresultsIdea1or2?Why?Theconclusion

ResearchandActivitiesUseyourimaginationtowriteashortpassageaboutwhatmayhappeninthefuture.ImagineifyouweretofindoutthecausesofSARS,howwouldyoudoandwhatmethodswouldyouusetotestyourtheory?Youcanimitatethestructureofthereadingpassage,butyoumustmakefulluseofyourimaginationtowritewhatisdifferentfromthecauseofcholera.

ReferenceforTeaching

WHO:CholerainChadCouldSpreadtoSudan’sDarfurThegovernmentofChadiscallingforinternationalassistancetofightacholeraoutbreakinthecountry.TheWorldHealthOrganizationsaysitisconcernedthatthediseasecouldspreadtotheDarfurregionofwesternSudan,whichisalreadystrugglingwithhisownhumanitariancrisisduetoviolence.ThegovernmentofChadsaysmorethan2000casesofcholerahavebeenreportedinthecountry,anditexpectsthatnumbertomorethandoublebytheendoftherainyseasoninSeptember.Although,themajorityofcasesinChadarebeingreportedintheregionsurroundingthecapitalinthewest.ButtheWHOsaysitisdeeplyworriedthatitcouldspreadtoneighboring?SudanandtherefugeecampssprawledacrossitstroubledwesternregionofDarfur.?AnexpertwiththeWHO,Claire-liseChaignat,saysthediseaseisendemictomainlypoorerareasthatdonothaveaccesstosafewatersupplies.“Anotherfactorisalsotherefugees?livinginrefugeecampswheretheyarelivinginclosecommunitieswithnotenoughwaterandnopropersanitation,”shesaid.“So,thatisalsoahighriskforthecommunity.So,forexample,weareverymuchscaredthat,now,inthecrisisinDarfur,orintheeasternChad,theremightbeacholeraoutbreak.Incasethegermoccursbecausethewaterandsanitationsituationissobadthatit’sreally,arealriskthatwemighthaveacholeraoutbreakthere.”?Chadhasbeenbattlingapotentiallocustscourgeinthewest,andhasreceivedaninfluxofrefugeesintheeastfromthefightingtakingplaceintheDarfurregion.Thegovernmentisaskingfornearly0000inaidtotrytocurbthespreadofcholera.?CholeraoutbreaksarebeingreportedthroughoutmuchofcentralandwesternAfricathisyear,includingCameroon,SierraLeone,GuineaandtheDemocraticRepublicofCongo.?Thediseasespreadsquicklyinareaswherewatersuppliesarecontaminatedandcausesdehydrationwithindays.Itcanleadtodeathifvictimsareuntreatedwithinaweek.?CarrieGiardino,VOANews,Abidjan.?ThestrainsofcholerabacteriaprevalentinChinamakechangeandexpertswarnforpossibleoutbreak.?InChina’sdatabaseofepidemicstatus,apaintingdepictedwiththethreeepidemicwavesdocumentedinfiguresthestatusofcholeraepidemicinthepast40yearsthroughoutthecountry.Eachtimeoffluctuationsintheepidemicgraphwasrelatedtothechangesofcholerabacterialtyping.Thelatestdataofmonitoringshowedthatthedominatingbacterialtypeofcholeraepidemicshadanotherchangeemergingwithauniqueepidemicbacterialtype.SpecialistsoftheChineseCenterforDiseaseControl(CDC)warnedthatthepossibleaftermathofepidemicsituationresultedfromthechangesofbacterialtypeofcholeramustbedealtwithintensiveprecaution.?AcademicianGaoShouyiofChineseCDCpointedoutthattheInaba1dstrainemergedpredominantlysincelastyear,hadthecharacterofwidedistributionofthesamestrain,andits16Sribosomalgeneprobehybridizationbelongedtothesamestrainseeninthemajorityoftheprovinces.InacertainlocationoftheSouthernprovinces,theeltorstrain,inadditiontotheoccurrenceofInaba1dstrain,alsopartiallyemergedwiththe1c,1b,1fstrains;however,itsribosomaltypingwasidenticalwiththepredominantepidemicInaba1dstrain,allcamefromthesamecloneline.IncertainplacesofthesouthernwestareatheOgawatypethatmutatedintoInabatypeemerged;andtheInabastrainoccurredin2001wasnotthecontinuationoftheInabastrainof2000;additionallyinanotherlocationofthesouthwesternareaanOgawa6buniqueepidemicstrainoccurred.?From18-19April,aworkingconferenceofnationalpreventionandtreatmentofgastrointestinalinfectiousdiseaseswasheldinBeijingjointlysponsoredbytheChineseCDCandtheconsultativecommitteeofdiarrheaspecialistsofMinistryofHealth.TherelatedspecialistsandtheleadingmembersoftheCDCwereorganizedtocarryoutanoutspreaddiscussionuponthesubjectofpreventionandtreatmentofinfectiousdiseasesofthegastrointestinaltract,headedbycholera.OnApril17th,theCDCissuednotificationtotheCDCsystemthroughoutthecountrytocarryouttheweeklyreportofcholeraepidemicsandtheactsofreportsofthescatteredcases;measuresforaugmentationofmonitoringandretrieveofepidemicsourceswerealsoarranged.

Great scientists Period 7 Asessment教案

Period7Assessment
Self-assessment?
1.IhavefinishedlearningthisunitandnowIfeelIam__________ofmostofthecontents?learnedinthisunit??
A.slightlyconfident
B.confident?
C.quiteconfident
D.veryconfident?
2.InthisunitIhavelearnedthefollowing?
verbs:_____________________________________________________________________
nouns:_____________________________________________________________________
adjectives:_________________________________________________________________
adverbs:___________________________________________________________________
expressions:________________________________________________________________
patterns:___________________________________________________________________
3.IcanmakesentenceswithsomeofthewordsandexpressionsandpatternsthatIlikeverymuch.______________________________________________________________________
Atest?
一、单词拼写
1.Exercisec__________tobetterhealth.?
2.Iamp__________thatIgaveyouhisaddress.?
3.Theschoolboysaremorec__________nottomakeanymistakesinspellingthaneverbefore.
4.Theywere__________（输了）inthefootballmatch.?
5.Thechemista__________thenewtonic(滋补品)andfounditcontainedpoison.?
6.Beforeweseethefact,wecan’tdrawa__________(结论).?
7.The__________（严格的）teacherhasgoneabroad;Youcanbreathefreelyagain.?
8.Onet__________aboutthemoonisthatitisapiecebrokenofftheearth.?
9.We__________(没有采纳）hisideaforamusicclub,anddecidedtohaveanartclubinstead.
10.Thetwotownsarel__________byarailway.?
答案：1.contributes2.positive3.cautious4.defeated5.analysed6.conclusion7.severe?8.theory9.rejected10.linked
二、单项选择
11.Thenewinventionmay__________changesinthewaytheyapplythemachine.?
A.resultfromB.exposetoC.leadtoD.putforward?
12.__________tosunlightfortoomuchtimedoesharmtoone’sskin.?
A.Exposed
B.Beingexposed?
C.Havingexposed
D.Afterbeingexposed?
13.__________writingthearticle,Mrs.Curieevenforgotherdinner.?
A.Absorbedin
B.Absorbingat?
C.Havingabsorbedby
D.Toabsorbin?
14.Who__________forthelossofthatcar??
A.isblamed
B.shouldblame?
C.istobeblamed
D.istoblame?
15.Pleasegivemeacall__________youarriveinNewYork.?
A.immediately
B.immediatelywhen?
C.themomentwhen
D.atthemoment?
16.Onlywhen__________in1949__________tohismotherland.?
A.wasthewarover;hereturned
B.thewarwasover;hereturned?
C.thewarwasover;didhereturn
D.wasthewarover;didhereturn?
17.Hisemptybagsuggestedthathiswallet__________andhewassuggestedthat__________tothepolicestationimmediately.?
A.bestolen;heshouldgo
B.hasbeenstolen;heshouldgo?
C.wasstolen;hewent
D.hadbeenstolen;hego?
18.The__________lookinherfacesuggestedthatshe__________itbefore.?
A.surprising;hadn’tknown
B.surprised;shouldhaveknown?
C.surprising;didn’tknow
D.surprised;hadn’tknown?
19.From__________stomachthediseaseattackedthebodyquicklyandsoon__________affected?personwasdead.?
A.the;anB./;theC.the;theD.the;/?
20.Weallgotinterestedinhisexperience__________howhegothisjob.?
A.concerned
B.concerning?
C.beingconcerned
D.wasconcerning?
21.AfterIfinishedoneglassofwine,hepouredme__________secondglassofbeer.?
A.aB.theC./D.an?
22.Itisreported__________astrongearthquake__________PakistaninOct.2005.?
A.why;stroke
B.that;hit?
C.whether;stroke
D.when;hit?
23.—It’seighto’clock.WhereisBen??
—I’mafraidhewillbe__________to__________tonight’smeeting.?
A.able;join
B.unable;attend
C.able;cometo
D.unable;come?
24.Iaskedmypenpalifhe__________tomypartywhenhe__________timenextSunday.
A.comes;willcome
B.comes;has?
C.willcome;willcome
D.willcome;has?
25.Itisalmost5years__________wesaweachotherlasttime.?
A.beforeB.sinceC.afterD.when
答案：11～15CBADA16～20CDDCB21～25ABBDB?
三、完形填空
WhenyouarriveintheUKatoneofthemajorinternationalairports(eg.HeathroworGatwick)oroneofthebigregionalairports(eg.ManchesterorGlasgow),youneedtofollow26tofindyourwayout.?
Firstofall,youwillhavetoshowyour27toanimmigrationofficerandyouwillbeasked28youarecomingtotheUK,andwhetheryouhaveenoughmoneyto29thecostofyourstay.Sometimes,youhaveto30itwithabank31orsponsor’sletter.Youshouldbe32toanswerquestionsabout33andyourintentionsduringyourstayinthe34.?
Whentheimmigrationofficerhas35yourdocumentsandiscertainthatyouarea36student,youwillgeta37inyourpassport38howlongyoucanstay.After39immigrationcontrolyouwillbeableto40yourbaggageononeoftheconveyer-belt?(传送带)inthebaggagecollect41.Whenyouhavefoundallyourbaggageyoumustpassthroughthe42control.Ifyouhave43todeclare,youcangetoutfromthe44Channel.Ifyoudohavesomethingtodeclare,jointhe45fortheRedChannel.
26.A.wordsB.ordersC.waysD.signs?
27.A.cardB.IDC.letterD.passport?
28.A.howB.whyC.whenD.whether?
29.A.coverB.payC.spendD.take?
30.A.sayB.explainC.proveD.provide?
31.A.statementB.noteC.accountD.notice?
32.A.honoredB.pleasedC.requiredD.prepared?
33.A.yourfamilyB.yourpossessions
C.yourselfD.yourcountry?
34.A.schoolB.countryC.countyD.shire?
35.A.checkedB.foundC.signedD.handed?
36.A.newB.trueC.realD.imaginary?
37.A.pieceB.stamp(图章)C.tickD.mark?
38.A.showingB.sayingC.dealingD.putting?
39.A.gothroughB.lookthroughC.comingthroughD.passingthrough
40.A.deliverB.collectC.sendD.carry?
41.A.onesB.helpC.areaD.condition?
42.A.firstB.officer’sC.airport’sD.customs’?
43.A.nothingB.anythingC.somethingD.everything?
44.A.RedB.GreenC.YellowD.Narrow?
45.A.massB.passengersC.lineD.students?
答案：26～30DDBAC31～35ADCBA36～40CBADB41～45CDABC
四、阅读理解
A
Laptop(便携式)computersarepopularallovertheworld.Peopleusethemontrainsandairplanesinairportsandhotels.Theselaptopsconnectpeopletotheirworkplace.IntheUnitedStatestoday,laptopsalsoconnectstudentstotheirclassrooms.?
WestlakeCollegeinVirginiawillstartalaptopcomputerprogramthatallowsstudentstodoschoolworkanywheretheywant.Withinfiveyears,eachofthe1500studentsatthecollegewillreceivealaptop.ThelaptopsarepartofamillioncomputerprogramatWestlake,a110-year-oldcollege.ThestudentswithlaptopswillalsohaveaccesstotheInternet?.Inaddition,theywillbeabletousee-mailto“speak”withtheirteachers,theirclassmates,andtheirfamilies.However,themostimportantpartofthelaptopprogramisthatstudentswillbeabletousecomputerswithoutgoingtocomputerlabs.Theycanworkwithitathome,inafast-foodrestaurantorunderthetrees—anywhereatall!?
Becauseofthemanychangesincomputertechnology,laptopuseinhighereducation,suchascollegesanduniversitiesisworkable.Aslaptopsbecomemorepowerful,theybecome?moresimilartodesktopcomputers.Inaddition,theportablecomputerscanconnectstudentstonotonlytheInternet,butalsolibrariesandotherresources.Statehigher-education?officialsarestudyinghowlaptopscanhelpstudents.Stateofficialsalsoaretestinglaptopprogramsatotheruniversities,too.?
AtWestlakeCollege,morethan60percentofthestaffusecomputers.Thelaptopswillallowallteacherstousecomputersintheirlessons.AsoneWestlaketeachersaid,“HereweareinthemiddleofVirginiaandwe’regivingstudentsawindowontheworld.Theycanseeeverythinganddoeverything.”?
46.Themainpurposeofthelaptopprogramistogiveeachstudentalaptopto__________.?
A.usefortheirschoolwork
B.accesstheInternet?
C.workathome
D.connectthemtolibraries?
47.Whyistheword“speak”inthesecondparagraphinquotationmarks??
A.Theydon’treallytalk.?
B.Theyusethecomputerlanguage.?
C.Laptopshavespeakers.?
D.Noneoftheabovereasonsisconnected.?
48.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutWestlakeCollege??
A.Allteachersusecomputers.?
B.1500studentshavelaptops.?
C.ItisanoldcollegeinAmerica.?
D.Studentstherecandoeverything.?
49.Awindowontheworldinthelastparagraphmeansthatstudentscan__________.?
A.attendlecturesoninformationtechnology?
B.travelaroundtheworld?
C.getinformationfromaroundtheworld?
D.havefreelaptops?
50.Whatcanweinfer(推断)fromthepassage??
A.Theprogramissuccessful.
B.Theprogramisnotworkable.?
C.Theprogramistooexpensive.
D.Wedon’tknowtheresultyet.?
答案：46～50AACCD??
B
Astheproverbsays,“Nooneknowsthevalueofhealthuntilhelosesit.”Inotherwords,nothingismorevaluablethanhealth.?
Itisclearthathealthisthefoundation(基础)ofone’sfuturesuccess.Ifyoubecomesick,itisscarcelypossibletopursue(从事)yourcareereffectively,muchlessmakeyourdreamscometrue.Ontheotherhand,ifyouarestrong,youcangoallouttoovercometheobstacles(障碍)thatlieaheadofyou.?
Healthistheresourceofourenergy.Whatshouldwedotomaintain(保持)ourhealth?Firstweshouldexerciseeverydaytostrengthenourmuscles.Second,wemightaswellkeepgoodhours.Ifwegetupearly,wecanbreathefreshairandseethesunrise.Thishabitcandowondersforouroutlookonlife.Third,thereisaproverbthatsays,“Preventionisbetterthancure.”Ifyoupaycloseattentiontoyourhealth,youcanavoidgettingsick,oratleastcureyourselfofadiseasewhileitisstillinitsbeginningstage.?
Inconclusion,healthismoreimportantthanwealth.Thosewhoarerichbutpoorinhealtharenomorefortunatethanthosewhoarepoor,andhealthyinbody.Ifyouwantyourwishtocometrue,healthisthemostimportantcomponent(组成部分)ofyoursuccess.?
51.Amanknowsthevalueofhealth__________.?
A.tillheloses
B.beforehelosesit?
C.afterhelosesit
D.whenhedoesn’tloseit?
52.Inthesecondparagraph,“goalloutto”means__________.?
A.goyourselfoutsideto
B.tryveryhardto?
C.gowithyourfriendsto
D.saveyourenergyto?
53.Inthethirdparagraph,thetopicsentenceis__________.?
A.healthistheresourceofourenergy?
B.preventionisbetterthancure?
C.wemightaswellkeepgoodhours?
D.thishabitcandowondersforouroutlookonlife?
54.“Thosewhoarerichbutpoorinhealtharenomorefortunatethanthosewhoarepoor,andhealthyinbody”thissentenceisunderstoodas“__________”?
A.Thosewhoarerichbutpoorinhealtharelessfortunatethanthosewhoarepoor,andhealthyinbody.?
B.Thosewhoarerichbutpoorinhealthareasfortunateasthosewhoarepoor,andhealthyinbody.?
C.Thosewhoarerichbutpoorinhealtharenotmorefortunatethanthosewhoarepoor,andhealthyinbody.?
D.Thosewhoarerichbutpoorinhealthareasunfortunateasthosewhoarepoor,andhealthyinbody.?
答案：51～54CBAD
C
Inthe1960s,medicalresearchersThomasHolmesandRichardRahedevelopedachecklistofstressful(有压力的)events.Theyfoundoutthatanymajorchangecouldbestressful.Negativeeventslike“seriousillnessofafamilymember”werehighonthelist,butsoweresomepositivelife-changingevents,likemarriage.WhenyoutaketheHolmes-Rahetestyoumustrememberthatthescoredoesnotshowhowyoudealwithstress-itonlyshowshowmuchyouhavetodealwith.Andwenowknowthatthewayyoudealwiththeseeventshasagreateffectonyourchancesofstayinghealthy.?
Bytheearly1970s,hundredsofsimilarstudieshadfollowedHolmesandRahe.AndmillionsofAmericanswhoworkandliveunderstressworriedoverthereports.Somehow,theresearchgotboileddowntoamemorablemessage.Women’smagazinesranheadlineslike“Stresscausesillness!”Ifyouwanttostayphysicallyandmentallyhealthy,thearticlessaid,avoidstressfulevents.Butsuchsimplisticadviceisimpossibletofollow.Evenifstressfuleventsaredangerous,many-likethedeathofalovedoneisimpossibletoavoid.Moreover,anywarningtoavoidallstressfuleventsisaprescription(处方)forstayingawayfromopportunitiesaswellastrouble.Sinceanychangecanbestressful,apersonwhowanted?tobecompletelyfreeofstresswouldnevermarry,haveachild,takeanewjobormove.?
Theideathatallstressmakesyousickalsotakesnonoticeofwhatweknowaboutpeople.Itissupposedthatwe’reallweakandpassiveinthefaceofdifficulty.Butmanycomethroughperiodsofstresswithmorephysicalandmentalstrengththantheyhadbefore?.Wealsoknowthatalongtimewithoutchangeorchallengecanleadtoboredomandphysicalandmentaldamage.?
55.Thestudiesonstressintheearly1970’sledto__________.?
A.widespreadworryoveritsharmfuleffects?
B.greatfearaboutthementalproblemsitcouldcause?
C.adeepresearchintoillnessesconnectedwithstress?
D.popularavoidanceofstressfuljobs?
56.Accordingtothepassagepeoplewhohaveexperiencedupsanddownsmaybecome__________.?
A.discouragedwhenfacedwithdifficulty?
B.physicallyandmentallyweak?
C.moreexperiencedinthefaceofdifficulty?
D.uninterestedinwhathappenstothem?
57.What’sthepurposeofwritingthetext??
A.Totellpeoplethediscoveriesaboutstress.?
B.Totellpeoplehowtokeephealthy.?
C.Tohelppeopleavoidstressfulevents.?
D.Tohelppeopleviewstressproperly.?
答案：55～57ACD
D
I’mGwenOutenwiththeVOASpecialEnglishDevelopmentReport.?
Afewyearsago,researchersdiscoveredasimpleanswertoabigproblem.Theyfoundthatthebacteriathatcausescholeracanberemovedfromdrinkingwaterwithsimpleclothfilters.Pouringwaterfromriversorlakesthroughseveralthicknessesofclothcantraptinyorganismslikethecholerabacteria.?
Athree-yearstudytookplaceinBangladesh.AmericanandBangladeshiscientistswentto65smallvillagesinacountrywherecholeraisamajorhealthproblem.Theytestedtheuseofsarisasclothfilters.AsariisthetraditionalclothingwornbymostwomeninBangladesh.?
Peopleinonegroupofvillagesusedclothfromoldsaris,foldedeighttimes,asafilterfortheirdrinkingwater.Peopleinanothergroupofvillagesusedmodernnylonfiltersfortheirwater.Peopleintheothervillagescontinuedtogatherwaterintraditionalways,withoutusingfilters.About44000peoplewerestudiedineachofthethreegroupsofvillages.?
RitaColwellfromtheUniversityofMarylandatCollegeParkhelpedleadthestudy.Shesaidthepeopleinthevillagesusingfiltersfromoldsarishadthelowestnumberofcasesofcholera.Theresearchersalsofoundthatalmost99percentofcholerabacteriacouldbefilteredoutwiththesaricloth.RitaColwellsaidclothfromoldsarisworkedbestbecauseithasbeenwashedrepeatedly.Shesaidthespacebetweenthethreadsofthematerialnarrowswhentheclothiswashed,soittrapssmallerparticles.?
Choleraisanintestinal(肠道,肠内物,侵袭肠的)infectionthatcandevelopinthebodyinlessthanfivedays.Itcanquicklyleadtoseverelossoffluidsthroughdiarrhea（腹泻）andvomiting（呕吐）.Choleracancausedeathiftreatmentisnotgivenquickly.Childrenunderagefivearemostatrisk.?
Peoplegetthediseasebydrinkingwateroreatingfoodthatcontainsthebacteria.Thediseaseismostoftenfoundinareaswherethereisuncleanwaterandpoorsystemsfortreatinghumanwaste.?
ThemostrecentyearlyreportoncholeraontheWebsiteoftheWorldHealthOrganization?isfortwothousandtwo.Thatyear,52countriesreportedatotalof142000cases.Theseinfectionsresultedinmorethan4500deaths.?
ThisVOASpecialEnglishDevelopmentReportwaswrittenbyJillMoss.I’mGwenOuten.?
58.Thispassageisa__________.?
A.aletter
B.anewsreport
C.astatement
D.anannouncement?
59.WhatdoestheunderlinedwordsariinParagraph3mean??
A.akindofcloth
B.ahatC.SARS
D.anoutergarment?
60.WhichoneofthefollowingisTRUE??
A.AmericanandsomeAfricanscientistswentto65smallvillagestotesttheuseofsaris.
B.Therearelessthan4400peopleinthesevillages.?
C.Choleraisanintestinalinfectionthatcanbringaboutfeverandvomiting.?
D.Thediseaseismostoftenfoundinareaswherethereisdirtywaterandpoorsystemsfortreatinghumanwaste.?
答案：58～60BDD
E
DEPARTMENTOFHEALTH?
HONGKONG?
IMPORTANTNOTICETOALLPERSONSARRIVINGINHONGKONG?
DuringyourstayoutsideHongKongyoumayhavebeenexposed(面临)tocertaininfectious?(传染)diseaseswithoutyourknowledge.?
Incaseyoudevelopanysymptom(症状)suchasfever,chills,skinrash(皮疹),diarrhea?(腹泻)orvomiting(呕吐)within14daysofyourarrivalinHongKong,youshouldconsultadoctororattendanaccidentlink...to;connect...to;blame;severe;examine;test;rejected;absorbed;defeat?
2.Translation（在做翻译题时,首先要分析句子的主干,确定应该用什么句型,然后抓住时态和重点短语,切记避免中文式英语。）?
1)Ididn’tgooutofmyapartmentthissummerapartfromgoingtothepark.?
2)Theresultsofthesescientificexperimentsareveryvaluabletous.Theywillcontribute?tothesuccessofourresearch.?
3)Inadditiontothegoodsalary,Iwillofferyouanewapartment.?
4)Itishardtodrawaconclusionwithoutenoughevidence.?
5)Aftercompletingthecomposition,pleasecheckitcarefullytoseeifallthesentencesmakesense.?
6)Youaregoingtoattendthelecture,areyou?Butitseemsyouarenotsoenthusiastic?aboutit.?
7)Toomuchworkandnotenoughrestwillleadtodiseases.?
8)Thegovernmentannouncedthatthediseasehadbeencontrolled.?
9)ProfessorYangisstrictwithhisassistants,whomustdoexperimentsashetells.?
Suggestedanswers:?
impossible,incredible,disappear,unable,midnight,misunderstand,overpay,retell,telegram,undervalue?
P44?
SuggestedanswerstoEx1?
1～6prepared,interested,worried,continued,arrived,concerned,frightened??
SuggestedanswerstoEx2?
1.Ifoundthisbrokenplateonthefloor.?
2.IsawatalldarkandhandsomemannamedXiaoMing.?
3.Ilookedatthatmodernabstractpaintingcoloredinyellowsandgreens.?
4.YesterdayIgottheexpectedanswertomyquestion.?
5.Sheisoneofmyfriendsdevotedtomyinterests.?
6.Wesawmanycrackedwindowsinthatroom.

Great scientists Period 4 Reading and Writing教案

古人云，工欲善其事，必先利其器。教师要准备好教案，这是教师工作中的一部分。教案可以让学生能够在课堂积极的参与互动，使教师有一个简单易懂的教学思路。您知道教案应该要怎么下笔吗？下面是小编帮大家编辑的《Great scientists Period 4 Reading and Writing教案》，仅供参考，希望能为您提供参考！

Period4ReadingandWriting

TheGeneralIdeaofThisPeriodInthisperiodtheteachingandlearningwillcenteronreadingandwriting.Asusual,theteachercanbegintheteachingwithreviewingtheformerknowledge.Thefollowingpartisthelead-in—talkingaboutsomescientists,becausethisunittalksaboutgreatscientistsandthispassageisaboutNicolausCopernicusandhistheory.?Astoreadingtraining,theteachershouldstilldevelopthestudents’abilityofscanningandskimming.Soatthebeginning,getthestudentstopreparesomeknowledgeforreading.Forthatpurpose,theteacherwillfirstlyaskforinformationaboutCopernicusaccordingtowhatthestudentsalreadyknow.?Thentheteachercanhavethestudentslistentothetapeandfindoutwhetherthestatementsaretrueorfalse.Itisdesignedtotrainthestudents’listeningandtocheckwhetherthestudentshavepreviewedthepassagewell.Later,theteacherwillaskthestudentstoskimitandfindoutthemainideaforeachpart.Thepurposeofdoingtheseistohelpthestudentstoformthegoodhabitofreadingwithsomestrategy.Whenreadingapassage,wehadbetterfirstreaditasawhole,thatis,understandthestructureofthepassageandcatchthemainideawiththehelpofthestructureandtitle.Thefollowingstepistoreadthepassageforthedetails.Theteachercandesignsometeachingactivitiestohelpthestudentstoknowaboutmoreandmoreinformationbytakingpartinthereadingactivities.Asaresult,theteachershouldbecareful,cautiousandcreativewhendesigningthereadingactivities.Thereadingactivitieshadbetterbevarious,whichcancatchmorestudents’attention.?Attheendofreading,someactivitiesshouldbedesignedtocheckthestudents’understanding?bysayingsomethingaboutCopernicusandmakingupadialoguebetweenCopernicusandhisfriend.Thepracticinghelpsthestudentsimprovetheirspeakingandarousetheircreativity.Thecompetitionisheldtomakethestudentstakepartintheclassactivitiesactively.Atthesametime,letthestudentsconsiderthewritingpurpose.Besidesreading,thestudentsarealsoexpectedtolearnandpractisetheirwritingskill.Bystudyingthepassage,thestudentsshouldlearntodopersuasivewritingtochangesomeoneelse’sdecision.Theteachershouldgivethestudentssomeadviceonhowtoplanthewritinganddevelopthewriting—beginning,bodyandconclusion.TeachingImportantPointsHelpthestudentsknowaboutCopernicusandhistheory.?Developthestudents’readingability.?Improvethestudents’writingability.?TeachingDifficulty?Developthestudents’readingability.?TeachingAidsMulti-mediaclassroomandothernormalteachingtools.?

ThreeDimensionalTeachingAimsKnowledgeAimsGetthestudentstoknowaboutCopernicusandhistheory.?Learnaboutpersuasivewriting.?AbilityAimsMastertheskillofgistreading.?Developthestudents’readingability,suchasskimmingandscanning.?Improvethestudents’writingability.?EmotionalAimsArousethestudents’interestinscienceanddevotiontoscience.?

TeachingProcedureStep1GreetingT:Hello,everyone.?Ss:Hello,MissWang.?Step2ReviewingT:LastclasswetalkedaboutQianXuesenandCarlLinnaeus.Canyousaysomethingabout?them?S:QianXuesenisafamousChinesephysicist.?S:QianXuesenoncestudiedinthe!--?xml:namespaceprefix=st1ns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"/--USAandthenreturnedtoChina.?S:QianXuesenmadegreatcontributionstospaceresearch.?S:CarlLinnaeusdevelopedasystemtoclassifyplantspeciesaccordingtothemaleandfemaleorgansinthefollowers.?S:CarlLinnaeusearnedthetitle“Fatherofclassification”.?Ss:...?Step3Pre-readingT:Youhavedoneagoodjob.Sowehavelearnedaboutalotaboutgreatscientists,suchasJohnSnowandQianXuesen.Whoelsewouldyouliketolearnabout?Why??S1:I’dliketoknowsomethingaboutMadameCurie,becauseshewasoneofthegreatwomenscientists.?S2:I’dliketoknowaboutAlbertEinstein,becauseheplaysanimportantpartinthedevelopmentofPhysics.?S3:StephenHawkingbecausehehasmadegreatachievementsalthoughheisdisabled.?Ss:...?T:Ifindyouareinterestedinscienceandscientists.Buttodaywearegoingtoreadabout?Copernicus.Doyouknowsomethingabouthim??S1:HewasborninPoland.?S2:Hebelievedtheearthmovesaroundthesun.?S3:Itwassaidthathewasburnedtodeathbecauseofhistheory.?Ss:...?T:Doyouwanttoknowmoreabouthim??Ss:Ofcourse.?T:Solet’scometothepassageCopernicus’revolutionarytheory.?Step4ListeningT:FirstI’dlikeyoutolistentothetapeandfindoutwhetherthestatementsareTorF.?(Givethestudentsoneminutetoreadthestatementsandthenplaythetape.)??()1.WhenCopernicusfoundthattheearthwasnotthecenterofthesolarsystem,hewasveryexcited.?()2.Someastronomersfounditstrangethatsomeplanetsappearedbrighteratsometimes.?()3.Copernicusworkedoutthetheorybyobservationandcalculation.?()4.Copernicusdidn’tpublishhisideasuntilhediedin1543.?()5.AccordingtotheChristianideaofgravity,thingsfelltothegroundbecause?theearthisthecenteroftheuniverse.?(Afewminuteslater.)?T:Areyouready?Who’dliketohaveatry.Ifthesentenceistrue,pleasereadit.Ifitisfalse,correctit.S1:Thefirstsentenceisfalse.WhenCopernicusfoundthattheearthwasnotthecenterofthesolarsystem,hewasfrightened.?S2:Thesecondstatementistrue.?S3:Thethirdstatementisalsotrue.?S4:Thefourthstatementisfalse.Copernicusdidn’tpublishhisideasuntilhelaydyingin1543.S5:Thefifthstatementistrue.?Suggestedanswers:1.F;2.T;3.T;4.F;5.T?Step5GistReadingT:Youhavedoneagoodjob.Inthinkyoupreviewedthepassagewell.Tounderstandthepassagebetter,Idividethepassageintofourparts.Readthepassagequicklyandfindoutthemainideaofeachpart.(Afterthreeminutes.)?T:Haveyougotit?Generallyspeaking,ifwewanttointroducesomething,first,weusuallygiveabriefintroduction.Whataboutthemainideasofotherparts?(Askthestudentstogivetheiropinionsandintheendtheteachergivesthemtheanswer.)Suggestedanswers:Para1Briefintroduction?Para2ThecauseofCopernicus’theory?Paras3-4TheprocessofCopernicus’theory?Para5ThesignificanceofCopernicus’theory?Step6DetailedreadingT:ThispassagemainlytalksaboutCopernicus’theory.Solet’scomparehistheoryandthetheorybeforehim.Workinpairs.Readthepassageagainandfillinthefollowingform.?BeforeCopernicus’theoryCopernicus’theory1.Godmadetheearth.2.Theearthwasthecenterofthesolarsystem.1.Thesunisthecenterofthesolarsystemandtheplanetsgoarounditexceptthemoon.2.Theearthisspinningasitgoesroundthesun.(Twominuteslater.)T:Haveyoufoundoutthedifferenttheories?Who’dliketohaveatry??S:BeforeCopernicus’theory,theybelievedGodhadmadetheearth,soitwasthecenterofthesolarsystem.?T:Verygood.WhataboutCopernicus’theory??S:Copernicusfoundthatthesunisthecenterofthesolarsystemandtheplanetsgorounditexceptthemoon.?T:That’sright!Anythingelse??S:Healsofoundtheearthisspinningasitgoesroundthesun.?T:Great!(Showthecompleteformtothestudentsandletthemreadit.)Justnow,weknewCopernicusdidn’tpublishhistheoryimmediatelyhefoundit.Canyoutellmewhy??S:Becausehedidn’twanttobeattackedbytheChristianChurch.Hepublisheditmanyyearslater.T:Yes.Atthattime,anyonewhowantedtochallengethetheoryoftheChristianChurchwouldbepunished,evensometimesbesentencedtodeath.IfyouwereCopernicus,wouldyouhavehiddenyourtheorysoformanyyears?Pleasegiveareason.(Twominuteslater.)?T:I’dliketoknowaboutyourideas.Areyouready?Anyvolunteers??S:IfIwereCopernicus,Iwouldhavedonethesame,becauseatthattime,peopledidn’tenjoythefreedomofspeech.WhoeverchallengedtheChristianChurchwouldbepunished.Whilethereislife,thereishope.Therewouldbemorechanceformetomakemytheoryknowntothepublic.?T:Itsoundsreasonable.Thankyou.Anyoneelse??S:IfIwereCopernicus,IwouldhavepublishedmyideasassoonasIfoundthem.SinceIfoundmyideaswereright,Iwouldmakethemknowntomorepeople,regardlessofdanger.Asascientist,Ishouldbebravetochallengeanddevotemyselftoscience.?Ss:...?T:Youhavedoneaverygoodjob.Iappreciateyourgoodideasandopinions.?Step7PractisingT:Sincewehavelearnedthewholepassage,I’dlikeyoutodosomepractice.?(Showthefollowingonthescreen.)?1.SaysomethingaboutCopernicus.?Copernicus____________________.?2.MakeupadialoguebetweenCopernicusandoneofhisfriends.Copernicusshowedhisideasprivatelytohisfriendandhisfriendencouragedhimtopublishhisideas.?T:FirstpleasesaysomethingaboutCopernicus.Giveasmuchinformationaspossibleabout?himbymakingsentencesbeginningwithCopernicus.?S1:CopernicusisaPolandastronomer.?S2:Copernicusfoundtheearthisnotthecenterofthesolarsystem.?S3:Copernicusdidn’tpublishhistheoryuntil1543.?S4:Copernicusmadeagreatcontributiontoastronomy.?Ss:...?T:I’mdeeplyimpressedbyyoursentences.Youareexcellent.FromthepassageweknowCopernicusshowedhistheorytohisfriendsandhisfriendsencouragedhimtopublishhistheory.Pleasemakeupadialogueinpairsbasedonthissituation.Wewillholdacompetitiontoseewhichgroupactsthebest.?(Afterafewminutes,theteachergetsseveralpairstoactitoutanddecideswhichgroupisthebestone.)?Step8WritingT:JustnowwelearnedthatCopernicusdidn’tpublishhisideasassoonashefoundhistheory.WealsotalkedaboutwhatyouwouldhavedoneifyouwereCopernicus.NowwriteashortletteraskingCopernicustopublishhisideassoeveryonecanreadthem.Firstyouneedtocollectyourideas.TherearesomesuggestedinformationonPage7.Thenyouneedtoarrangetheseideas.Thereisaplanforit.?Beginning:TellCopernicuswhoyouareandwhyyouwanthimtopublishhisideas.?Paragraph2:Reason1andevidence.?Paragraph3:Reason2andevidence.?Summingup:Askhimtothinkagainaboutpublishinghisideas.?(GiveSssometimetodoit.Askthemtodrawanoutlinefirst,anditwillhelpthemtodeveloptheirwritingskill.Thepassagewillbeclear.Iftheyhavefinishedwriting,getthemtoexchangewiththeirdeskmates.Finallyasksometoreadtheirwritingstothewholeclass.Whiledoingthis,theteachercandesignacompetitiontoarousetheirexcitement.)?Step9HomeworkT:Youdidverywellinclass.There’sthehomeworkforyou.?1.Previewthereadingpassageandunderlinethephrasesyouthinkimportantanduseful.2.Finishthewritingifyouhaven’tfinishedandimproveitifyouhave.?

TheDesignoftheWritingontheBlackboard

Unit1Greatscientists

Period4ReadingandWritingCopernicus’revolutionaryworkMainideaofeachpart:?Para1Briefintroduction?Para2Thecauseof?Copernicus’theory?Paras3-4Theprocessof?Copernicus’theory?Para5Thesignificanceof?Copernicus’theory??BeforeCopernicus’theoryCopernicus’theory1.Godmadetheearth.??2.Theearthwasthecenterofthesolarsystem.1.Thesunisthecenterofthesolarsystemandtheplanetsgoarounditexceptthemoon.2.Theearthisspinningasitgoesroundthesun.

ResearchandActivitiesThethemeoftheactivityis“agreatscientistinoureyes”.Getthestudentstoworkingroupsandintroduceagreatscientistintheirminds.First,theyneedtodecidewhichscientisttheythinkisthegreatest.Then,collectasmuchinformationaspossibleaboutthescientist,suchashis/herlife,achievements,andsoon.Intheend,eachgrouppresentsittothewholeclass.Theactivityisdesignedtoarousethestudents’interestinscience,cultivatetheirteamspiritandlearnsomethingfromthesegreatscientists.Italsohelpsthemlearntosearchforinformationandorganizeitwell.

ReferenceforTeaching

NicolausCopernicus

!--?xml:namespaceprefix=vns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml"/--BornonFeb.19,1473,inThorn(Torun),Poland,NicolausCopernicuswasdestinedtobecome,throughthepublicationofhisheliocentrictheory70yearslater,oneoftheseminalfiguresinthehistoryofscientificthought.Thesonofaprosperousmerchant,hewasraisedafterhisfather’sdeathbyamaternaluncle,whoenabledhimtoentertheUniversityofKrakow,thenfamousforitsmathematics,philosophy,andastronomycurriculum.ThisexperiencestimulatedtheyoungCopernicustostudyfurtherliberalartsatBologna(1496-1501),medicineatPadua,andlawattheUniversityofFerrara,fromwhichheemergedin1503withthedoctorateincanonlaw.ShortlyafterwardhereturnedtoPolandandeventuallysettledpermanentlyatthecathedralinFrauenberg(Frombork),lessthan100milesfromhisbirthplace.Throughhisuncle’sinfluencehehadbeenelectedacanonofthechurchevenbeforehisjourneytoItaly.Copernicusnotonlyfaithfullyperformedhisecclesiasticalduties,butalsopracticedmedicine,wroteatreatiseonmonetaryreform,andturnedhisattentiontoasubjectinwhichhehadlongbeeninterested-astronomy.?ByMay1514CopernicushadwrittenDerevolutionibusorbiumcoelestium(OntheRevolutionsoftheHeavenlySpheres,1543).ThisclassicworkchallengedthegeocentriccosmologythathadbeenacceptedsincethetimeofAristotle.Copernicusproposedthattheearthgoesroundthesunwiththeotherplanets.?ThenewtheorythatCopernicusespousedinDerevolutionibusexhibitsapeculiarmixtureofbothradicalandconservativeelements.Inthemidstofhisradicalreorderingofthestructureoftheuniverse,CopernicusstilladheredtotheancientAristoteliandoctrinesofsolidcelestialspheresandperfectcircularmotionofheavenlybodies,andheheldessentiallyintacttheentireAristotelianphysicsofmotion.Moreover,withsignificantinnovations,heclungtothePtolemaicrepresentationofplanetarymotionbymeansofcomplicatedcombinationsofcirclescalledepicycles.AlthoughCopernicusrealizedthathistheoryimpliedanenormousincreaseinthesizeoftheuniverse,hedeclinedtopronounceitinfinite.TheseaspectsoftheCopernicantreatisedonotmitigatethenoveltyortheimpactofthefinaltheory,ortheauthor’sfirmconvictionthathissystemwasanaccuraterepresentationofphysicalreality.Rather,theyindicatethescopeoftheworkthatlayaheadandthatwaseffectivelyaddressedinthenextcenturywhenKeplerdeterminedtheellipticityofplanetaryorbits,Galileoformulatedhisnewconceptofmotion,andNewtonespousedhistheoryofuniversalgravitation.TheenunciationoftheheliocentrictheorybyCopernicusmarkedthebeginningofthescientificrevolution,andofanewviewofagreatlyenlargeduniverse.Itwasashiftawayfromthecomfortableanthropocentrismoftheancientandmedievalworld.Ascientifictheorythatreflectedsoprofoundlyonhumanitywasnotwelcomedbythechurch,anditwasonlyafterthepublication(1540)ofNarratioprima(AFirstAccount),byanenthusiasticsupporternamedRheticus,thattheagedCopernicusagreedtocommittoprintthetheoryalreadyoutlinedin1514.Anundocumented,butoftenrepeated,storyholdsthatCopernicusreceivedaprintedcopyofhistreatiseonhisdeathbed.HediedonMay24,1543.

ShenzhouⅥtouchesdown

BEIJING,Oct.17(Xinhua/chinadaily.com.cn)—ThereturnmoduleofChina’ssecondmannedspacecraftShenzhouⅥhasreturnedtotheEarth,andtheastronautsaresafe.?ThemoduleandastronautstoucheddowninthemainlandingfieldinCentralInnerMongoliaAutonomousRegionat4:33A.M.Mondayafterafive-dayflight.?FeiJunlonggotoutofthereturnmodulebyhimselffirst,followedbyNieHaisheng.?Thetwosaidtheywereingoodconditionwhenansweringquestionsfromjournalists.?ThetwoPeople’sLiberationArmycolonelsreceivedahero’swelcome.JubilantresidentsinNie’shometownincentralHubeiprovincesetofffirecrackersandperformedtraditionalliondances.Fei’smotherweptonlearningofhissafereturn,andhisfatherdeclared,“Themotherlandissogreat!”StatetelevisionshowedtheastronautsemergingfromShenzhouⅥunaided,pausingatopthecharredreentrycrafttowavetotherecoveryteam.?ChenBingde,chiefofChina’smannedspaceproject,declaresthemissionacompletesuccess.Thereturnmoduellandedonekilometerawayfromthetarget,andsixkilometersfromtheShenzhouV’slandingsite.?

ThetwomenareexpectedtobetakenbyahelicoptertoalocalairporttoboardaflighttoBeijing.Bothwillbeinisolationforobservationfor14daysafterthemission,butfamilymemberswillbeallowedtovisit,theBeijingYouthDailynewspapersaidSunday.?FeiandNieblastedoffWednesdayonChina’ssecondmannedspacemission.ItcamealmostexactlytwoyearsafterChina’sfirstmannedspaceflight.?Chinaisonlythethirdcountrytosendhumansintoorbitonitsown,afterRussiaandtheUnitedStates.StatetelevisionshowedscoresoftechniciansmonitoringthelandingatcomputerscreensataBeijingcontrolcenter.Theyshowednoreactionwhenanannouncersaidthecapsulehadlandedbutbrokeintocheersafterwordcamethattheastronautsweresafe,theAssociatedPressreported.ChineseleadersincludingthetoplegislatorWuBangguowereshownontelevisionwatching?thelandingfromthecontrolcenter.?Themissionhad“accomplishedtheplannedexperimentsandaccumulatedvaluabletechnicaldata,”XinhuasaidSunday.?“Wefeelgood,ourworkisgoingsmoothlyandourlifeishappy,”FeiwasquotedassayingSundayeveningbeforethecraftbeganitsre-entrymaneuvers.“Wewilldoourutmosttofulfillthemission.”?“We’regratefulforthedeeploveandconcernbyallChinesepeople,theHongKong,MacaoandTaiwancompatriots,”Niesaid.?Shenzhou6orbitedtheEarth76timesandtraveledmorethan1.9millionmiles.Themissionwassubstantiallylongerandmorecomplexthanthe2003flight,whenastronautYangLiweiorbitedfor211/2hoursbeforehiscapsulelandedbyparachute.?

Great scientists Period 3 Listening and Speaking教案

Period3ListeningandSpeaking

TheGeneralIdeaofThisPeriodThisisthethirdperiodofthisunit.Atthebeginningofthisperiod,theteachershould(can)designsomeexercisestoreviewwhatthestudentslearnedinthelastperiod,thatistosay,gooverwhatthestudentslearnedaboutthatJohnSnowdefeats“KingCholera”.Theteachercanbeginwithaskingsomequestionsorhavingacompetitiontomakesomesentenceswith“JohnSnow”accordingtothepassage.Duringthisperiod,listeningandspeakingwillbemainlydealtwith.Atthebeginning,teachersfocusontrainingtheSs’listening.ThislisteningcontentisabouttheimportanceofQianXuesenforspacetravelin!--?xml:namespaceprefix=st1ns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"/--China,thecontributionsmadebyabotanistnamedCarlLinnaeusandtheresearchintothelifeandworkofamathematiciancalledLeonhardEuler.?WhentrainingtheSs’listeningability,teachersshouldstartwithpre-listening,thatis,lead-in.Ifitisnecessary,teachershadbetterintroducesomebackgroundknowledgeaboutthelisteningmaterial.Later,lettheSslistentoit.Atthesametime,teachersshoulddesignsomesimplequestions.Afterthat,theSshaveknownaboutthelisteningmaterial,andthenteacherscanaskthemtolistentoitagaintobereadyformoredifficultquestions.Ifnecessary,theSscanbegivenanothertimetolisten.Whilepracticing,teachershadbetterofferstudentssomeadviceonhowtodoitwell.Especially,trainthestudentstopredictwhattobetalkedaboutaccordingtothehintsandlimitedinformationandletthemformthegoodlisteninghabitoflisteningwiththepurposeoffindingusefulinformationandtosummarize.Certainly,supposetherearemanynewwordsandexpressions,teachersshouldhelpthemtodealwiththematthefirstplace.Allthelisteningpracticeshouldfocusondevelopingthestudents’listeningskill.Afterpracticinglistening,theSsareexpectedtolearnsomeexpressionsabouttalkingaboutscientificjobaswellasscientists’achievementsandrecountstories.Besidesthose,thestudentsareexpectedtolearntheskillofdescribingaperson.Duringthecourse,teachersshouldrankclassactivitiesfromtheeasytothedifficult.First,askthemtolearntheexpressions.Then,askthemtoimitateittohaveadialogue.Finally,thestudentsareexpectedtocreateadialogueordiscussthegiventopic.Inordertodrawstudents’attention,theteacherhadbetterprepareforsomeinterestingsituations.Thisperiodcentersonemphasisonspeakingandlistening.Theteachershouldtryhisorherbesttoencouragethestudentstosaysomething.Don’talwayscorrectthemistakesthatthestudentswouldmakewhilespeaking.Otherwise,thestudentswouldfeelreluctanttospeakouttheiropinions.TeachingImportantPointsTrainthestudents’speakingabilitybydescribing,talkinganddiscussing.?Helpthestudentsimprovetheirlisteningability.?TeachingDifficultiesTrainthestudents’listeningability.Especiallylistenandunderstandwhatthespeakers?meanbeyondwords.?TeachingAids?ataperecorder,aprojectorandtheblackboard?

ThreeDimensionalTeachingAimsKnowledgeaims:LettheSsknowaboutsomescientistsandtheirlifeandcontributions.?GettheSstolearnhowtotalkaboutscientificworkandhowtodescribeaperson.?AbilityAims:?Trainthestudents’speakingabilitybydescribing,talkinganddiscussing.?Trainthestudents’listeningability.?EmotionalAims:?Trainthestudents’abilitytocooperatewithothers.?Encouragethestudentstolearnfromscientiststoshowinterestinscientificexplorationandresearch.?

TeachingProcedureStep1GreetingT:Hello,boysandgirls.?Ss:Hello,MissWang.?Step2Revision?T:Todaywewillbeginourlessonwithacompetitionbetweengroups.Inthelastperiod,welearntaboutJohnSnowwhodefeats“KingCholera”.Now,pleasesaysomethingthatyouknowaboutit.Ifyouofferacompletesentence,youwillbegiventenmarks.Yourgroupwillbegiventwentymarkswhenyourexpressionisespeciallybeautiful.?S:JohnSnowwasawell-knowndoctorinLondon,whoattendedQueenVictoriatoeasethebirthofherbabies.?S:Hebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeopleexposedtocholera,whichwasthedeadlydiseaseofhisday.?S:JohnSnowgotinterestedintwotheoriesexplaininghowcholerakilledpeople.?S:Hebelievedinthesecondtheorythatispeopleabsorbedthisdiseaseintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals.Fromthestomachthediseaseattackedthebodyquicklyandsoontheaffectedpersonwasdead.Ss:...?(Theteachershouldencouragemorestudentstojoininthecompetition.Attheendofthecompetition,theteachershouldannouncetheresultofthiscompetition.Praisethewinnerandencouragethelosers.)?T:WhatcanwelearnfromJohnShow??S:Weshouldbaseourtheoriesonpractice.?S:Weareinspiredtohaveaspiritofscientificexploration.?S:Wedosomeresearchwiththepurposeofservingthepeopleandsociety.?Ss:...?T:Yes,wecanlearnalotfromthescientist.Infact,thereareagreatnumberofpeopleworkingonscienceworthyofbeinglearnedbothathomeandabroad.Canyounamesomescientistsandintroducetheirmaincontributions??S:Archimedes,whodiscoveredthatobjectsinwaterareliftedupbyaforcethathelpsthemfloat.S:Darwinwroteabookexplaininghowanimalsandplantsdevelopedastheenvironmentchanged.?S:MadamCuriediscoveredradium.?S:StephenHawkingputforwardatheoryaboutblackholes.?S:Zhanghenginventedtheearliestinstrumenttotellpeoplewhereearthquakeshappened.Ss:...T:Youdidagoodjobandlistedmanyscientistsaswellastheircontributions.Today,wearegoingtolearnaboutmorescientists.?Step3Listening(onPages5-6)

!--?xml:namespaceprefix=vns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml"/--Task1Pre-listening?T:Firstlet’senjoythepicture.Whatcanyousee??S:PresidentJiangZeminandanoldman.?T:PresidentJiangZeminvisitedQianXuesen.?T:WhathaveyoualreadyknownaboutQianXuesen???S:HeisaChinesescientist,whoseresearchmainlycentersonPhysics.?S:Heishonoredas“ChineseRocketFather”.?S:HehasmadegreatcontributionstospacetravelinChina.?T:Good.Youseemtohaveagoodknowledgeofhim.QianXuesenisafamousscientist?whohascontributedmuchtothecountry’scauseofscienceandtechnology?.?Task2FirstListening?T:Wearetolistentothematerial,whichisaboutQianXuesen.YuPingistellingherfriendSteveSmithaboutQianXuesen’slife.IfyouwereYuPing,whattopicswouldyouliketocoverwhenintroducinghim??S:Thedatewhenhewasbornandhedied;theplacewherehewasborn,lived,studiedanddied;hisfamily;hisexperience;hisachievements;hiscontributions?T:Excellent.Whenwetalkaboutandintroduceascientist,weusuallydescribetheseaspects.Now,listencarefullyandtickoutwhichtopicsarementionedinthetape.?(Afterlistening,letthemchecktheanswers.)?Task3SecondListeningT:Thistime.You’llwritedowntheanswerstothefivequestions.Boysandgirls,howcanwewritetheanswersfastandcorrectly??S:Weshouldgothroughthequestionsfirstandkeeptheminmind.Whenwearelistening,wejustneedtopaymuchattentiontothesentencesrelatedtotheanswers.?S:Weneedn’twritedowneachwordoftheanswers.Wejustwritedownsomekeywords.Laterwecanwritedownthecompleteanswerswiththehelpofthesekeywords.?T:Youareclever.Nowpleasegetready.First,lookthroughtheintroductiontothelistening?material.Then,scanthequestions.(Twominuteslater,theteacherplaysthetape.ThengiveSstimetoorganizetheirsentences.)T:Let’schecktheanswersonebyone.?(Ifthestudentsmakesomecommonmistakesortheyseemtohavedifficultyinfindingoutanswers,teacherscangivethemsomehintsandletthemlistentoitagain.Afterthat,checktheanswers.Ifthestudentsfeelitdifficulttomakesenseaboutthekeywordsandunderstandthespeakers’intentionandattitude,theteachershouldgivethemsomehelp.)?Task4Post-listening?T:Afterlistening,wouldyoupleaseanswersomequestions??1Whatdidyouhearonthetape??2WhatcanyoulearnfromQianXuesen??(Atthisparttheteachermayhavethestudentspresentwhattheyhaveheardonthetapeandshowtheirownopinionaboutwhattheyhavelearnedfromhim.Ifpossible,theteachermayhavesomeofthestudentsdothepresentationworkinclass.Bydoingthis,thestudentscangetfullunderstandingofwhatthetapeistalkingabout.)?Step4Listening(Page41)?Task1Pre-listening?T:JustnowwelearnedaboutaChinesescientist,QianXuesen,whohasmadegreatcontributionsonspacetravelinChina.Wewillgettoknowanotherscientist,whosecontributionisonbotany.Canyouguesswhoheis??S:CarlLinnaeus,maybeDarwin.?T:Youareright.Bothscientistsdidstudybotanyanddevotedtheirtimetotheresearch.Asweknow,CarlLinnaeusdevelopedhissystemabouthowtoclassifyspecies.WhileDarwinwroteabookontheOriginalofSpecies,inwhichheexplainedhowanimalsandplantsdevelopedastheenvironmentchanged.ThefollowingisaboutCarlLinnaeus.T:Now,readtheinstructionsaboutthelisteningandchoosewhichofthefollowingstatementsmistcloselydescribeswhatthislisteningpassageisabout.Explainwhytheothersarewrong.?S:Ithinkthethirdoneisright.Thisisaboutamanwhofindsaflowerandwantstoknowifitisanewspeciesofflower.Becauseheisinterestedinbiologyandespeciallyinthestudyofplants.Whathewantstodoistostudywhetheritisanewspecies.Theothertwostatementscannotconveythestudy.Task2Listening?T:Whatyousaidisreasonable.Let’slistentogethertofindwhetheryouranswerisright.?(Afterlistening,letthemchecktheanswers.)?T:Listentothetapeagainandtrytocompletethefollowingpassage.?Tofindthenameofanunknownflower,firstyouhavetogotoseeaflower__________he/shewilllookinaspecial__________writtenbyCarlLinnaeus.Helivedin__________from__________to__________.Hewasveryimportantbecausehesolvedaseriousproblemfor__________.Hesawallplantsandanimalsproduce__________.Someanimalsproduce__________butotherslay__________whileplants__________.Heusedthesedifferentwaysofproducingyoungtoputplantsandanimalsinto__________.Forexample,thegroupcalledbirdslay__________toproduceyoungandtheyallhave__________.Linnaeusputtheplantsandanimalsintosmallergroupsorspecies.Hegaveeachonetwonames.Oneisforthelargegroup,forexample__________andoneisforthespecies,forexample__________.Soaparrotwouldbe__________.Hewasthefirstpersontosuccessfullyclassifyallplantsandanimals.Task3Post-listening?Letthestudentsfillintheblanketsandthencheck.Ifthestudentsfeelitdifficulttodoit,letthemlistenitathirdtime.Aftercheckingtheanswers,askthestudentstoreadittogether.?Step5Listening(Page44)T:Lookatthescreenandlet’sreadthefollowingnewwordsfirstly.(Thesewordsarepresentedonthescreen:analyse,pure,foundation,symbol,sin,cosin,geometry,calculus,mechanics,practical,topology)?T:Canyouguesswhichfieldthenextscientistisinaccordingtothenewwords??S:Thenextmustbeamathematician.?T:Right.ThismathematicianisLeonhardEuler.JohnSmithisdiscussingwithZhaoYanghisresearchintothelifeandworkofamathematiciancalledLeonhardEuler.ListentothetapeandfillinthechartontheimportanceofEuler’swork.?Euler’sachievementsExamplesNewsymbolsandtermsOldareasofmathematicsNewareaofmathematicsImportance(Afterlistening,asksomestudentstofillinit.Ifmanystudentsfeelitdifficult,letthemlistentoitagain.Whiledoingit,theteachercanalsoasktwostudentstocometowritetheanswersontheblackboard.Theteacherhadbettergivethempraiseiftheydoitwell.)?Step6SpeakingTask1Lead-inT:Boysandgirls,fromthelisteningmaterial,weknowaboutsomescientists.Doyouhaveadreamtobeascientistinthefuture??Ss:Yes./No.?T:Supposeyouwouldliketoworkasascientist,andyouarediscussingwithyourpartneraboutyourfuturejob.Whatquestionswouldyouliketoconcern??S1:Whatjobdoyouwanttodo??S2:Howwillyougetthejob??S3:Whatpreparationswillyoumakeforthefuturejob??T:Right.Apartfromthose,wecanalsotalkaboutthefollowingquestions:?1Whateducationwillyouneed??2Whatpersonalitywillbeneeded??3Whatworkexperiencewouldbeuseful??4Howlongwillthetrainingtake??5Howwillyouprepareforthiscareer??T:Theseexpressionsmayhelpyou:?Ialwayswantedto...because...TheexperienceIwillneedis...?Imightfinditdifficultto...Ineedtopractise...?Mygreatestproblemwillbeto...?Iwillneedtobe/become...?patient,creative,hard-working,co-operative,confident,brave,positive,pleasant,polite,determined,energetic,strictwith...Task2Dialogue(pairwork)T:Nowitistimetodiscusswhatscientificjobeachofyouwouldliketochooseinthefuturewiththehelpofthementionedquestionsandexpressionsinpairs.Iwillgiveyoufiveminutestoprepareforit.AfterthatIwillletsomeofpairstocometoactitout.?Sample:A:Whatjobdoyouwanttodointhefuture??B:Ialwayswanttobeabotanist.?A:Ifyouwanttobeascientist,whateducationwillyouneed??B:Iwilltrymybesttogotoakeyuniversitytolearnandstudybotany.?A:Whatworkexperiencewouldbeuseful??B:TheexperienceIwillneedistostudywildplantsinthewildwhenIamatschool.Now,Ijointhesocialnaturalcluborganizedbyourschool.EverytimeImakeeveryefforttoovercomedifficultytostudyplantsinthewild.?A:Doyouknowwhatpersonalitywillbeneededifyouwanttobeascientistinthefuture?B:Iwillneedtobepatient,creative,hard-working,brave,energeticandco-operative.?A:Yes,Iagreewithyou.Besidesthosepersonalities,wealsoshouldbedetermined,confident?andpositive.?B:Iwillmakeeffortstoownsuchgoodquality.?A:Howwillyouprepareforthiscareer??B:IintendtogotocollegenextyearandthenIwillhaveachancetobeascientist.ButmygreatestproblemwillbewhetherIwillbeabletogotouniversityinthefuture.?A:Don’tworryaboutitandjustgetdowntopreparingforit.Goodchancesalwaysbelong?tothepersonswhohavealreadypreparedforthem.Iamsureyouwillsucceedifyoukeepworkinghard.Iamwaitingforyourgoodnews.?B:Thankyouforyourencouragement.Iwillmakefulluseoftimetostruggleforsuccess.Task3Free-talk?T:Letustalkfreely.Youareallowedtomoveabouttofindastudentyou’dliketotalkwith.Imagineyouaregoingtomeetaspecialistaboutanewly-foundflower.Yourpartnerwillbetheassistantfortheflowerspecialist.Youbothneedadescriptionoftheothersoyoucanrecognizeeachotherwhenyoumeet.Nowringtheassistanttosortoutthenecessaryinformation.?(Ofcourse,followingtheabove,thestudentsmaygatheraroundormovearoundtofindtheirownfavoritepartnerstotalkwith.Thisisahalf-controlledactivity.Teachersletthemexpresswhatevertheywanttoonconditionthattherearesomeexpressionsonthetheme.Givethemaboutfiveminutestoprepareforit.Later,asksomepairstoactitout.Asusual,theteacherwon’tforgettogivecommentsonwhatthestudentsdo,includingtheteacher’swordspraisingwhattheyaredoinginthefirstfewstages.Onlyinthiswayarethestudentsencouragedtotalkfreelyaboutwhattheywanttosayandwhytheythinkso.)?Step7SummaryandHomework?T:Inthisperiod,wemainlyfocusonthespeakingandlisteningabilities.Ifyoufeellistening?orspeakingpoor,youhadbetterpracticemoreafterclass.Practicemakesperfect.Today’shomeworkistodescribeascientisttoyourpartnerandletyourpartnerguesswhoshe/heis.Thenexchange.

TheDesignoftheWritingontheBlackboard

Unit1Greatscientists

Period3ListeningandSpeakingThequestionsmaybeusefultodiscussthescientificjob,Theexpressionsmayhelpyoutodiscussyourfuturescientificjob.Whatjobdoyouwanttodo??Whateducationwillyouneed??Whatpersonalitywillbeneeded??Whatworkexperiencewouldbeuseful??Howlongwillthetrainingtake??Howwillyouprepareforthiscareer?Ialwayswantedto...because...?TheexperienceIwillneedis...?Imightfinditdifficultto...?Ineedtopractise...?Mygreatestproblemwillbeto...?Iwillneedtobe/becomepatient,creative,hard-working,co-operative,confident,brave...

ResearchandActivitiesAfterclass,usethelibraryortheInternettofindoutfactsaboutimportantwomenscientistsinmedicine,physics,chemistry,biology,astronomyormathematics.Thereareveryusefulwebsites(includingthe“Biographiesofwomenmathematicianswebsite”).Prepareatalkonyourchosenscientists.Remembertoincludesomeinformationabouttheirlife,theirachievementsandwhytheyareconsideredimportantinsciencehistory.Thengiveyourtalktotheclass.

ResearchforTeaching

Euler,Leonhard(bornApril15,1707,Basel,Switz.diedSept.18,1783,St.Petersburg,Russia)?Swissmathematicianandphysicist,oneofthefoundersofpuremathematics.Henotonlymadedecisiveandformativecontributionstothesubjectsofgeometry,calculus,mechanics,andnumbertheorybutalsodevelopedmethodsforsolvingproblemsinobservationalastronomyanddemonstratedusefulapplicationsofmathematicsintechnologyandpublicaffairs.Euler’smathematicalabilityearnedhimtheesteemofJohannBernoulli,oneofthefirstmathematiciansinEuropeatthattime,andofhissonsDanielandNicolas.In1727hemovedtoSt.Petersburg,wherehebecameanassociateoftheSt.PetersburgAcademyofSciencesandin1733succeededDanielBernoullitothechairofmathematics.?Eulerdevotedconsiderableattentiontodevelopingamoreperfecttheoryoflunarmotion,whichwasparticularlytroublesome,sinceitinvolvedtheso-calledthree-bodyproblem—theinteractionsoftheSun,Moon,andEarth.(Theproblemisstillunsolved.)Hispartialsolution,publishedin1753,assistedtheBritishAdmiraltyincalculatinglunartables,ofimportancetheninattemptingtodeterminelongitudeatsea.Oneofthefeatsofhisblindyearswastoperformalltheelaboratecalculationsinhisheadforhissecondtheoryoflunarmotionin1772.ThroughouthislifeEulerwasmuchabsorbedbyproblemsdealingwiththetheoryofnumbers,whichtreatsofthepropertiesandrelationshipsofintegers,orwholenumbers(0,±1,±2,etc.);inthis,hisgreatestdiscovery,in1783,wasthelawofquadraticreciprocity,whichhasbecomeanessentialpartofmodernnumbertheory.?Inhisefforttoreplacesyntheticmethodsbyanalyticones,EulerwassucceededbyJ.-L?.Lagrange.But,whereEulerhaddelightedinspecialconcretecases,Lagrangesoughtforabstractgenerality;and,whileEulerincautiouslymanipulateddivergentseries,Lagrangeattemptedtoestablishinfiniteprocessesuponasoundbasis.ThusitisthatEulerandLagrangetogetherareregardedasthegreatestmathematiciansofthe18thcentury;butEulerhasneverbeenexcelledeitherinproductivityorintheskillfulandimaginativeuseofalgorithmicdevices(i.e.,computationalprocedures)forsolvingproblems.

CarlLinnaeus(bornMay23,1707,Rshult,Smland,Swed.diedJan.10,1778,Uppsala)CarlLinnaeusisaSwedishbotanistandexplorerwhowasthefirsttoframeprinciplesfordefininggeneraandspeciesoforganismsandtocreateauniformsystemfornamingthem.Linnaeuswasthesonofacurate.Hisloveofflowersdevelopedatanearlyage;whenonlyeightyearsoldhewasnicknamed“thelittlebotanist.”HestudiedattheuniversitiesofLundandUppsalaandreceivedhisdegreeinmedicinefromthelatter.

TheSystemaNaturae,whichLinnaeushadshowntothebotanistJanFredrikGronoviusinmanuscript,soimpressedGronoviusthathepublisheditathisownexpense.Linnaeus’systemwasbasedmainlyonflowerparts,whichtendtoremainunchangedduringthecourseofevolution.Althoughartificial,asLinnaeushimselfrecognized,suchasystemhadthesuprememeritofenablingstudentsrapidlytoplaceaplantinanamedcategory.Itcameintouseataperiodwhentherichnessoftheworld’svegetationwasbeingdiscoveredataratethatoutstrippedmoreleisurelymethodsofinvestigation.Sosuccessfulwashismethodinpracticethatitsveryeaseofapplicationprovedtobethegreatestobstacletoitsreplacementbythemorenaturalsystemsthatsupersededit.

Hislateryearsweretakenupbyteachingandthepreparationofotherworks:FloraSuecica(1745)andFaunaSuecica(1746);twovolumesofobservationsmadeduringthejourneysinweden,Vstgtaresa(1747)andSknskaresa(1751);HortusUpsaliensis(1748);hisPhilosophiaBotanica(1751);andtheimportantSpeciesPlantarum(1753),inwhichthespecificnamesarefullysetforth.In1755hedeclinedaninvitationfromtheKingofSpaintosettleinthatcountrywithaliberalsalaryandfulllibertyofconscience.In1761hewasgrantedaSwedishpatentofnobility,antedatedto1757,fromwhichtimehewasstyledCarlvonLinné.Anapoplecticattackin1774lefthimgreatlyweakened,andhediedfouryearslater.?TheLinnaeanmanuscripts,andhisherbariumandcollectionsofinsectsandshells,purchasedbySirJ.E.Smithin1783,arecarefullypreservedbytheLinneanSocietyatBurlingtonHouse,London.

MarieCurie

(bornNov.7,1867,Warsaw,Pol.,RussianEmpire.diedJuly4,1934,nearSallanches,France)MariaSklodowskaPolish—bornFrenchphysicistfamousforherworkonradioactivityandtwiceawinneroftheNobelPrize.WithHenriBecquerelandherhusband,PierreCurie,shewasawardedthe1903NobelPrizeforPhysics.Shewasthenthesolewinnerofthe1911NobelPrizeforChemistry.Fromchildhoodshewasremarkableforherprodigiousmemory,andattheageof16shewonagoldmedaloncompletionofhersecondaryeducationattheRussianlycée.Becauseherfather,ateacherofmathematicsandphysics,losthissavingsthroughbadinvestment,shehadtotakeworkasateacherand,atthesametime,tookpartclandestinelyinthenationalist“freeuniversity,”readinginPolishtowomenworkers.Attheageof18shetookapostasgoverness,whereshesufferedanunhappyloveaffair.FromherearningsshewasabletofinancehersisterBronia’smedicalstudiesinParis,ontheunderstandingthatBroniawouldinturnlaterhelphertogetaneducation.Shecamefirstinthelicenceofphysicalsciencesin1893.ShebegantoworkinLippmann’sresearchlaboratoryandin1894wasplacedsecondinthelicenceofmathematicalsciences.ItwasinthespringofthisyearthatshemetPierreCurie.?Theirmarriage(July25,1895)markedthestartofapartnershipthatwassoontoachieveresultsofworldsignificance,inparticularthediscoveryofpolonium(socalledbyMarieinhonourofhernativeland)inthesummerof1898,andthatofradiumafewmonthslater.FollowingHenriBecquerel’sdiscovery(1896)ofanewphenomenon(whichshelatercalled“radioactivity”),MarieCurie,lookingforasubjectforathesis,decidedtofindoutifthepropertydiscoveredinuraniumwastobefoundinothermatter.ShediscoveredthatthiswastrueforthoriumatthesametimeasG.C.Schmidtdid.?InDecember1904shewasappointedchiefassistantinthelaboratorydirectedbyPierreCurie.ThesuddendeathofPierreCurie(April19,1906)wasabitterblowtoMarieCurie,butitwasalsoadecisiveturningpointinhercareer:henceforthshewastodevoteallherenergytocompletingalonethescientificworkthattheyhadundertaken.OnMay13,1906,shewasappointedtotheprofessorshipthathadbeenleftvacantonherhusband’sdeath;shewasthefirstwomantoteachintheSorbonne.In1908shebecametitularprofessor,andin1910herfundamentaltreatiseonradioactivitywaspublished.In1911shewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforChemistry,fortheisolationofpureradium.In1914shesawthecompletionofthebuildingofthelaboratoriesoftheRadiumInstitute(InstitutduRadium)attheUniversityofParis.OneofMarieCurie’soutstandingachievementswastohaveunderstoodtheneedtoaccumulateintenseradioactivesources,notonlyforthetreatmentofillnessbutalsotomaintainanabundantsupplyforresearchinnuclearphysics;theresultantstockpilewasanunrivaledinstrumentuntiltheappearanceafter1930ofparticleaccelerators.TheexistenceinParisattheRadiumInstituteofastockof1.5gramsofradiuminwhich,overaperiodofseveralyears,radiumDandpoloniumhadaccumulated,madeadecisivecontributiontothesuccessoftheexperimentsundertakenintheyearsaround1930andinparticularofthoseperformedbyIrèneCurieinconjunctionwithFrédéricJoliot,whomshehadmarriedin1926(seeJoliot-Curie,FrédéricandIrène).ThisworkpreparedthewayforthediscoveryoftheneutronbySirJamesChadwickandaboveallthediscoveryin1934byIrèneandFrédéricJoliot-Curieofartificialradioactivity.AfewmonthsafterthisdiscoveryMarieCuriediedasaresultofleukemiacausedbytheactionofradiation.Hercontributiontophysicshadbeenimmense,notonlyinherownwork,theimportanceofwhichhadbeendemonstratedbytheawardtoheroftwoNobelPrizes,butbecauseofherinfluenceonsubsequentgenerationsofnuclearphysicistsandchemists.?In1995MarieCurie’sasheswereenshrinedinthePanthoninParis;shewasthefirstwomantoreceivethishonourforherownachievements.?