小学教学教案

Unit 1 Great Scientists教学设计3 Unit 4 Making the news。

Unit1GreatScientists教学设计3
Unit4Makingthenews
一.教学目标(Teachingaims)
1.能力目标(Abilityaim)
EnabletheSstorecognizethevarietyofjobsthereareinnewspapersandwhatisneededtoworkinanewspaperoffice.
EnabletheSstoknowwhatisneededtobecomeareporterandhowtoconductaninterview.
2..语言目标(Languageaim)
重点词汇和短语
occupation,doresearch,onone’sown,cover,concentrateon,acquire,accuse…of,soasto,scoop
重点句子
1)Nottillyouaremoreexperienced!
2)You’llfindyourcolleaguesveryeagertoassistyouandifyouareinterestedinphotography,itmaybepossibleforyoutoconcentrateonthatlateron.
3)NotonlyamIinterestedinphotography,butItookacourseatuniversity,soit’sactuallyofspecialinteresttome.
4)Onlyifyouaskmanyquestionswillyouacquirealltheinformationyouneedtoknow.
5)Wesayagoodreportermusthavea“nose”forastory.
6)Thisisatrickofthetrade.
7)Haveyoueverhadacasewheresomebodyaccusedyourreportersofgettingthewrongendofthestick?
8)PerhapsItoowillgetascoop!
二.教学重难点(Teachingimportantpoints)
Knowwhatisneededtobecomeareporterandhowtoconductaninterview
三.教学方法(Teachingmethod)
Fastreading;Task-basedmethodstopsthhappening/prevent
avoid(doing)sth
learnfrompastmistakesandavoidfutureones(惩前毖后)
avoidone’scompany(避免和某人往来)
Suchkindofaccidentsshouldbeavoided.
Thoughhemadeamistake,hewantedtoavoidbeingpunished.
20Herecomesmylistof….
here/there/now/thus/then等副词放在句首时,句子全部倒装.
Theregoesthebell.
Nowcomesyourturn.
Herehecomes
21Meanwhileadv=inthemeanwhile/inthemeantime/atthesametime
22.atrickoftrade=cleverwaysknowntoexpert职业的诀窍
playatrickonsb=makefunofsb/playajokeonsb
23Ifthepersonbeinginterviewed….
beinginterviewed是现在分词的被动语态作theperson的后置定语表明先行词theperson所承受的被动动作正在进行.
24.Haveyoueverhadacasewheresomebodyaccusedyour….case:situation,句中where=inwhich引导定语从句
incase:连词,接从句假使/免得/以防万一,从句用一般现在时表将来
incaseof:=ifsthhappens,介词短语,接名词或名词短语.假使…/万一…
innocase:决不,放在句首时,倒装
inthis/thatcase:既然这/那样
inanycase:无论如何,总之
25accuse
accusesbofsth指控某人某事
chargesbwithsth控告某人某事
blame/scoldsbforsth谴责/责备某人某事
26gettingthewrongendofthestick
Ihadmeanttotellyoutocomehereat3o’clock,notatsix,youmustgetthewrongendofthestick.(弄错/误解)
27Thisishowthestorygoes.=Thisisthestory.
28…deliberately….Adv
deliberateadj深思熟虑的/蓄意的/不慌不忙的
vt/vi仔细考虑/商议
Heiswalkingdeliberately.他在不慌不忙地走着.
29soasto为了../目的是
soastodosth----soasnottodosth不用于句首,在句中作目的状语
inordertodosth----inordernottodosth用于句首或句末作目的状语
我们尽早启程以便午前赶到那里.
Westartedearlysoastogettherebeforenoon.
Westartedearlyinordertogettherebeforenoon.=……sothat/inorderthatwecangetthere…
30admit---admission
admitsb/sthinto/to准许…进入/加入…
admitdoingsth/havingdone
admitsth/thatclause承认…
admitofsth容许某事物…
31Laterwewereprovedright.
provevtshowsthistrueorcertain证明/证实
vi系动词turnout(tobe)结果是/原来是
provesthtosb=provetosbthat…向某人证明某事…
provesb(tobe)+adj证明某人是…
proveoneself(tobe)+adj证明自己是…
Itisprovedthat…事实证明…
prove+(tobe)adj/n结果是/原来是/被证明是…

Period3Readingtask
Step1Readthepassagequicklyforthefirsttimetofindoutthemainideaofthetextandfindtheanswerstothefollowingquestions.
1.WhatwasZhouYang’sfirsttask?
2.Howshouldhewriteaboutthestory?
3.Howmanypeoplereadhisarticlebeforeitwasreadytobeprocessedintofilmnegative?Whoarethey?
Step2.RereadthepassageandfindouttheWritingandPrintingprocessforanarticle
Period4Grammar(倒装句)
Step1.定义：在英语中，主语和谓语的语序通常是主语在前，谓语在后。但有时谓语的全部或者一部分（通常是助动词或情态动词）却提到主语的前面，这种语序叫做“倒装”。
Step2.Findoutthesentencesofinversioninthereadingtext:
1.NeverwillZhouYangforgethisfirstassignmentattheofficeofChinaDaily.
2.Onlywhenyouhaveseenwhatheorshedoes,canyoucoverastorybyyourself.
3.NotonlyamIinterestedinphotography,butItookacourseatuniversity,soit’sactuallyofspecialinteresttome.
4.Onlyifyouaskmanydifferentquestionswillyouacquirealltheinformationyouneedtoknow.
Step2语法精讲。
1.否定词置于句首，句子应进行倒装nor,neither放句首
Todcan’tswim,neithercanI.
用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely,barely,little,often,atnotime,notonly,notonce,manyatime等词开头的句子
NevershallIgothereagain.
Littledidheknowwhothewomanwas.
Seldomwashelateforclass.
用于nosooner---than---,hardly---when和notuntil的句型中
HardlyhadIreachedthestationwhenthetrainleft.
Nosoonerhadshegoneoutthanthephonerang.
Notuntiltheteachercamedidhefinishhishomework.
2.用于only放句首，修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句的句子
OnlyinthiswaycanyoumasterEnglishwell.
Onlythattimedidhedohishomework.
OnlywhenhetoldmedidIrealizewhattroubleIwasin.
Step3Dosomeexercise

Period4.DotheexerciseintheworkbookJAB88.COm

Period5DothelisteninginBestEnglish

Unite5FirstAid
TeachingGoals:
1.EnabletheSstogetsomefirstaidknowledge
2.EnabletheSstolearnhowtousewhatthey’velearnttodofirstaidtreatmentforburnscorrectly.
3.LettheSslearnthereadingskillofgettingthemainideaofeachpara./part治疗
工人们受到政府优厚的待遇.
Theworkersreceivedgoodtreatmentfromthegovernment
可数名词.“疗法”
他们正在实验一种治疗癌症的新疗法.
Theyaretryinganewtreatmentforcancer.
beundertreatment在治疗中
beunderone’streatment接受某人的治疗
fortreatment进行治疗
treatmentfor+疾病的名词治…病的方法
4dependon
①取决于;Thepricedependsonthequality.
②依赖、依靠;Hisfamilydependsonhim.他的一家人全靠他养活。
③信赖、信任；IdependonyoutofinishyourhomeworkbyFriday.
我相信你们可以在星期五前完成你们的作业。
5healvt&vi
(1)(尤指伤口)治愈；恢复健康healawound
(2)使和解
healer(cn)医治者；治疗物
Timeisagreathealer.时间能够治好创伤。
辨析：treat,heal,cure
treat“治疗”，着重强调过程，不涉及结果，不一定治愈。
heal多用于治疗外伤。
cure“治愈”，强调结果。
6.swellv.膨胀，隆起
①她的腿肿得很厉害Herleghasswollenbadly.
②风鼓起了帆。Thewindswelledthesails.
③大雨使河水上涨了。Theheavyrainswelledtheriver.
swollen可作形容词，表示“肿胀的”
Hereyeswereredandswollenwithweeping.她的眼睛哭得又红又肿。
7damagev.损害，损坏
n.损害，毁坏，破坏（不可数）
①这场战争损害了两国之间的关系。
Thewardamagedtherelationsbetweenthecountries.
②地震造成了重大破坏。Theearthquakecausedgreatdamage.
8jewellery和jewel的辨析：两者均有“珍宝首饰”之意，jewellery为集体
名词，不可数；jewel为可数名词
9.squeezeout榨出，挤出
Theyhavebeensqueezedoutofthejobmarketbyyoungpeople.
他们被年轻人挤出了就业市场。
squeezemoneyfromsb/squeezemoneyoutofsb向某人勒索钱财
Theyoungmanoftensqueezesmoneyfrom/outofthepupil.
那个年轻人经常向那个小学生勒索钱财。
11.woundn.伤，创伤v.伤害，使受伤区别wound,injure,harm与hurt:
wound指外伤，如枪伤，刀伤等，尤指在战场上受伤；也可指在感情上荣誉方面的创伤。
injure指意外或事故造成损伤，强调功能的损失。
harm指损害有生命或无生命的东西；也可指肉体上或精神上的损害。
hurt（普通用语）指任何肉体或精神上的伤害。尤指打伤，刺伤；还可表示“疼痛”。
Thebulletwoundedhiminhisarm.子弹打伤了他的手臂。
Hewasinjuredinatrafficaccident.他在一次交通事故中受了伤。
Wewon’tdoanythingthatwillharmthecauseofpeace.
我们不会做任何危及和平事业的事。
Hemeantnoharm.
Hefellofftheladderandhurthisleg.
他从梯子上摔下来，伤了腿。
Thehurttohisfeelingsismoreseriousthanthehurtinhisbody.
12Inplace在适当的位置，适当
outofplace不在适当的位置，不适当
inplaceof代替
taketheplaceof代替

Period3.Grammar
Step1Revision
1.Greetthewholeclassasusual
2.Theteacherchecksthestudents’homework.
Step2WordStudy
T:NowpleaseopenyourbooksandturntoPage36.Let’slearn“LearningaboutLanguage”.
Firstlet’sdoDiscoveringusefulwordsandexpressions
1.Completethetablewiththecorrectverbs,nounsoradjectives.
T:Let’sdosomemoreexercisesaboutnewwords.Youaretoexplainthewordsonthescreen
inEnglishandthenfillintheblanks.(askstudentstoexplainorguessthemeaningsofthewords)
2.Completethequestionswithwordsfromthetext.
Thestudentswilltrytocompletetheexercises.Latertheteacherwillasksomeofthemtoreadeachofthesentencesandtelltheclasstheanswers.
Suggestedanswers:
Step3:Grammar
T:Let’slookatthenext,Grammar(page91)
Presentsomesentencesandencouragethestudentstofindoutwhichwordshavebeenleftout.
T:Observethefollowingsentencesanddiscusswithyourpartnertofindoutwhathavebeenleftout.Letmeshowyouanexample.Asweknow,whenpeoplewantthespeakertorepeatwhathesaid,theyusuallysay“Begyourpardon.”ThenitiscalledEllipsis.Thesubject“I”hasbeenleftout,withoutchangingthemeaningofthesentence.OK,nowit’syourturntofindoutwhathavebeenleftout.
1.Haven’tseenyouforages.
2.Somemoretea?
3.Soundslikeagoodidea.
4.Doesn’tmatter.
5.Sorrytohearthat.
6.Pityyoucouldn’tcome
7.Thisway,please.
8.Terribleweather!
9.Joiningusforadrink?
10.Goingtothesupermarket?

1.Ihaven’tseenyouforages.
2.Wouldyoulikesomemoretea?
3.That/Itsoundslikeagoodidea.
4.Itdoesn’tmatter.
5.I’msorrytohearthat.
6.It’s/Whatpityyoucouldn’tcome
7.Stepthisway,please.
8.Whatterribleweatheritis!
9.Areyoujoiningusforadrink?
10.Areyougoingtothesupermarket?
Step4Practising
Discoveringusefulstructures(page37)
1.Ingroups,lookatthesepairsofsentences.DiscussthedifferencebetweenAandBineachpair.Alsodiscusswhichisthebettersentence,AorBandWhy.(page37)
2.Rewritethesesentencestakingouttheunnecessaryparts.
1)Theburnthatshegotfromtheironwasredand(itwas)verypainful
2)Aboywasontheleftsideofthesickwoman,andagirlwasontheright(sideofthesickwoman.)
3)Shehasadaughter(whois)inhospital.
4)Hewenttothedoctorbecausehehadtogoto(thedoctor).
5)Didshepassthefirstaidtestthatshedidyesterday(ordidn’tshepass)?
6)Shecouldnotdecidewhethertosendhimtohospitalornot(tosendhimtohospital).
7)Whenyournoseisbleeding,youshouldbendforwardsothatthebloodrunsoutofyournoseand(theblood)doesn’trundownyourthroat.
8)Onlysomeofthestudentshavedoneafirstaidcoursebutmostofthestudentshaven’t(doneafirstaidcourse).

3.Thesesentencesarecorrect.However,oneormorewordshavebeenleftout.Rewriteeachsentenceonthetopofthenextpagetoincludethemissingwords.
1)Thecottage(thatis)surroundedbyawallbelongstothelocalgovernment.
2)ThefirstbookIreadthistermwasmoreinterestingthanthesecond(bookIreadthisterm).
3)Toherteacher’ssurprise,shedidbetterinherfirstaidexamthan(itwas)expected.
4)Idon’tthinktheyhavereturnedfromthehospital,buttheymighthave(returnedfromthehospital).
5)Hewantedtohelptheaccidentvictimbuthisfrienddidn’t(wanttohelptheaccidentvictim).
6)Youcanborrowmyfirstaidnotesifyouwantto(borrowmyfirstaidnotes).
4.ShowthestudentstheslideswithsomemultiplechoicesexercisesabouttheEllipsis.
1)----Tomorrowisaholiday.Whyareyoudoingyourhomework?
-----IamdoingtheseexercisesnowsothatIwon’thave_____onSunday.
A.itB.themC.forD.to
2)----ShallIinviteAnntomybirthdaypartytomorrowevening?
----Yes.It’llbefineifyou______.
A.areB.canC.inviteD.do
3)----Aren’tyouthemanager?
-----No,andI______
A.don’twanttoB.don’twanttobeC.don’twantbeD.don’twant
4)----I’llbeawayonabusinesstrip.Wouldyoumindlookingaftermycat?
-----Notatall______.
A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto
5)-----Won’tyouhaveanothertry?
------________.
A.Yes,IwillhaveB.Yes,Iwon’thaveC.Yes,Iwon’tD.Yes,Iwill
6)-----Iwon’tdoitanymore.
-----_______?
A.WhynotB.Whydon’tdoanymoreC.WhynotdoD.Whydon’t
7)-----Doyouthinkitwillsnowtomorrow?
------______?
A.Idon’tthinkB.No,Idon’tthinkC.Idon’tthinksoD.No,Idon’tso
8)-----Haveyoufedthecat?
------No,but______.
A.I’mB.IamC.I’mjustgoingD.I’mjustgoingto
Step5Homework:
1.GoovertheusageofEllipsis.
2.FinishlistingstructuresonPage71Ex1andEx2
3.PrepareReadinganddiscussingonPage38

Period4.Readingtask:Heroicteenagerreceivesaward
StepOneRevision:Showthestudentsaslidewithsomenewwords
WhatistheChinesemeaningofthem?
Present
Puttheirhandson
ceremony
bravery
towels
pressureAnumberofAmbulance
StepTwoReadingandlistening
1.Skimmingthenewspaperarticleandthenputtheseeventsintheorderthattheyhappened.
_4_Theattackerranaway.
_1_Annewasattackedandstartedtoscream.
_6_JohnperformedfirstaidonAnne
_2_Johnwasstudyinginhishouse.
_7_Theambulancearrived.
_3_Johnranoutsidewithhisfather.
_5_JohnfoundAnneinhergardenwithterribleknifewounds.
2.Listentothetapeandanswerthequestions
1)WhatwasJohnhonouredfor?
2)WhatdidJohndowhenheheardthescreaming?
3)WhathappenedtoAnne?
4)WhatsavedMsslade’slife?
5)WhatfirstaiddidJohnperformonAnne?WhatadjswouldyouusetodescribeJohn’sactions?Giveatleastthre
StepThreeDiscussion
1.DoyouthinkJohnwassillyorbravetogetinvolvedinthesituation?Givereasons.
2.WouldyouhavedonethesameasJohn?Givereasons
3.Doyouthinkitisworthwhiletotakeacourseinfirstaid?Givereasons.
StepFourLanguagestudy
Difficultsentences
1.Johnwaspresentedwithhisawardataceremonywhichrecognisedthebraveryoftenpeoplewhohadsavedthelifeofanother.
bepresentedwithsth:begivenwithWhich引导一个定语从句
Who引导一个定语从句TheydiscoveredthatAnneSlade,motherofthree,hadbeenstabledrepeatedlywithaknife.
2.Repeatedly是由动词repeat的过去分词加-ly构成。类似的词汇有：
Excitedly兴奋地Contentely满足
Worriedly焦急地unexpectedly出乎意料
3.JohnusedthesetodressthemostsevereinjuriestoMsSlade’shand.
Dress:敷裹，包扎Tomhadtoreturntothecamptodresshisinjuries.
Immediatelyafterhiswoundwasdressed,hewenttowork.
4.ItwasJohn’squickactionandknowledgeoffirstaidthatsavedMsSlade’slife.
Itis…that…强调句
Itwashiswordsthathurther.

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第一个活动要求学生根据要求，通过阅读找到所需要的信息，重新组织后再呈现出来。

第二个活动要求学生把阅读部分分成三个小节，并说明每一小节的要点。

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第五课时听说课（二）

将UsingLanguage中的Listening,Speaking和WB中的ListeningTask放在同一课中处理为一节听说课（以听为主）。

第六课时泛读课

将UsingLanguage中的ReadingandWriting和WB中的Readingtask上成一节阅读课。也可视时间需要把WB中的Readingtask部分的阅读文章布置为课外作业。

第七课时写作复习课

自行设计一份写作练习，重点复习本单元所学的重点词汇，短语，表达及语法等，一节巩固复习课。（WB中的Checkingyourself可视具体情况安排在本堂或留作作业。）

Unit 4 Making the news教案

一名合格的教师要充分考虑学习的趣味性，教师要准备好教案，这是教师工作中的一部分。教案可以更好的帮助学生们打好基础，使教师有一个简单易懂的教学思路。那么，你知道教案要怎么写呢？下面是由小编为大家整理的“Unit 4 Making the news教案”，希望能为您提供更多的参考。

让学生学会本单元语法---倒装句

全倒装和半倒装的条件

倒装
英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序称为“倒装”。倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装。
I.完全倒装:整个谓语移至主语前（不用助动词）
1)地点副词there（包括therebe句型）,here，时间副词now,then放在句首。
Herecomesthebus.
Nowcomesyourturn!
Thenfollowedanothershotofgun.__________________________,(铃响了)
注意：主语是代词时,不必倒装．Herehecomes．Thereitgoes.
2)up,down,in,away,out,off等表示方位的副词放句首
Upjumpedthedog.
ThedooropenedandincameMr.Smith,ourteacher.
ThebirdsflewOff.----___________________
注意：主语是人称代词时，则不用倒装。
Outherushed，withastickinhishand．
Hewentaway.---______________
3)介词短语构成的地点状语放在句首
Onthegroundlayasickgoat.
Fromthedistancecameapoliceman.
AprofessorsitsinalecturehallofauniversityinEngland---_____________________________________
AtthemeetingplaceoftheYangtzeRiverandtheJialingRiver______,oneofthetenlargestcitiesinChina.
A.liesChongqingB.Chongqinglies
C.doeslieChongqingD.doesChongqinglie
4)表语提前的句子里
SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplemanofgreatachievements.
Fastenedtothepoleisthenationalflag.
PresentatthemeetingwereMrGreenandmanyotherexperts．
ThedaysaregonewhenweChinesewerelookeddownupon.-------¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬_____________________________________
5)表示祝愿的句子
Longlivetheking！LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!
II.部分倒装：把助动词,系动词或情态动词移到主语之前，即一般疑问句语序。
1)否定意义的副词放句首表示强调时
never,not,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,rarely,nowhere,bynomeans,innocase,atnotime,nosooner….than,hardly(scarcely)…when…,notuntil…
NeverbeforehaveImethim.
Littledoeshecarewhetherweliveordie.
Theboyseldomreadnewspaper.---_______________
Notonce________toMichaelthathecouldonedaybecomeatopstudentinhisclass.
A.occurreditB.itdidoccur
C.itoccurredD.diditoccur
Hardlyhadheenteredthehousewhenitbegantorain.
Nosooner___________________(我们一进入房子)thanitbegantorain.
Notuntilallthefishdiedintheriverdidthevillagersrealizehowseriousthepollutionwas．
______________________________(直到半夜雨才停)
Notuntilhelefthishome______toknowhowimportantthefamilywasforhim.
AdidhebeginBhadhebegun
ChebeganDhehadbegun
②notonly…butalso…连接两个并列句时，notonly分句倒装；但连接两个并列主语，不用倒装结构。
Thecitywasnotonlypollutedbut(also)thestreetswerecrowded．-------_________________________________
NotonlyyoubutalsoIamfondofmusic.
③neither…nor…引导两个分句时，这两个分句中的主谓均要倒装，但连接主语不倒装。
如:Neithercouldthepatienteat，norcouldhedrink.NeitheryounorIenjoyedhisstory．?
2）so/such…that…结构置于句首时，用倒装结构。
SofastdidherunthatIcouldn’tcatchupwithhim.
Itwassuchafinedaythatwewentswimming.----
_________________________________________
3)在以so,nor,neither（…也,…也不)开头的句子里
Afishcanswimandso______I.
Hedidn’tdoitandneither______I.
Ifyoudon’tgototheparty,neither/nor______I.
DoyouknowJimquarreledwithhisbrother？—Idontknow，andnor______Icare.
注意：
“Hefinisheditontime.”“______________________.”（确实这样）
----“Myfatherisaworkeranddoesn’tlikedrinking.”----我的爸爸也是这样的___________________________________________.
Hismotheraskedhimnottorideonthestreetand__________________.(他做了)
4)only+状语放句首,主句半倒装
Onlythendidherealizethathewaswrong.
Onlywhenthewarwasoverdidtheyoungsoldierreturntohishometown．

只有这样我们才能提高英语。
注意：only+主语放句首，不用倒装。如：OnlyIknowthesecret.
5)．在虚拟语气中,如if省略，要将从句中的had,were,should移至句首。
Ifheshouldbeherenextweek,hewouldhelpuswiththeproblem．
______________________________________________Ifitweretosnowtomorrow,theywouldnotgoout.
______________________________________________
6）在may表示祝愿时用倒装
Mayyouhaveapleasantjourney!
Mayyousucceed!
III.直接把被强调的部分提前,其他的部分不变。
1）as/though引导让步状语从句
Young/Childas/thoughheis,heknowsalot.
Tryas/thoughImight,Icouldnotliftthestone.
ThoughIadmirehimmuchasawriter,Idon’tlikehimasaman.
¬¬¬¬¬¬______________________________________________

1.Onlybyincreasingthenumberofdoctorsby50percentproperlyinthishospital____________________..
A.canbethepatients
B.thepatientscanbetreated
C.canthepatientsbetreated
D.treatedcanbethepatients
2.Notonly____apromise,butalsohekeptit.AhashemadeBdoeshemake
ChemadeDdidhemake
4.“Neverforasecond,”theboysays,“thatmyfatherwouldcometomyrescue.”
A.IdoubtedB.doIdoubt
C.IhavedoubtedD.didIdoubt
5.Onlywhenheapologizesforhisrudeness____tohim
again.
A.Iwillspeak.B.willIspeak.C.doIspeak.D.Ispeak.
6.Atnotime________therulesofthegame.Itwasunfairtopunishthem.
A.theyactuallybrokeB.dotheyactuallybreak
C.didtheyactuallybreakD.theyhadactuallybroken
7.Notuntilheretiredfromteachingthreeyearsago__havingaholidayabroad.
A.hehadconsideredB.hadheconsidered
C.heconsideredD.didheconsider
8.______forthefreetickets,Iwouldnothavegonetothefilmssooften.
A．IfitisnotB.Wereitnot
C.HaditnotbeenD.Iftheywerenot
9.NorthofParis____thelittletownofBeauvais.
A.laysB.doesC.doeslayD.lies
10Thisisnotmystory,nor____thewholestory.Mystoryplaysoutdifferently.
A.isthereB.thereisC.isitD.itis
11.Theheadmasterwillnotpermitthechangeinthe
course,nor_______itathought.
A.doesheevengivenB.heevengives
C.willheevengiveD.hewillevengiven
12.-----Whereisyourfather?
-------Oh,_______.
AherehecomesBheherecomes
CheredoeshecomeDherecomeshe
13.Onlywhenhereachedthetea-house______itwasthesameplacehe’dbeeninlastyear.
A.herealizedB.hedidrealize
C.realizedheD.didherealize
14.---It’snice.Neverbefore______suchaspecialdrink!
---I’mgladyoulikeit.
A.IhavehadB.IhadC.haveIhadD.hadI
15._____,hesatuplatewritinghisbook.
A.AshewastiredB.Tiredthoughhewas
C.TiredaswasheD.Itisbecausehewastired
16.Janewon’tjoinusfordinnertonightand________.
A.neitherwon’tTomB.Tomwon’teither
C.TomwilltooD.sowillTom
17.Johnopenedthedoor.There_____hehadneverseenbefore.
A.agirldidstandB.agirlstood
C.didagirlstandD.stoodagirl
18.Foramomentnothinghappened.Then_____allshoutingtogether.
A.voiceshadcomeB.camevoices
C.voiceswouldcomeD.didvoicescome
19.Thecomputerwasusedinteaching.Asaresult,notonly_________,butstudentsbecamemoreinterestedinthelessons.
A.savedwasteachers’energy
B.wasteachers’energysaved
C.teachers’energywassaved
D.wassavedteachers’energy
20.So______thatnofishcanliveinit.(上海1992)
A.thelakeisshallowB.shallowthelakeis
C.shallowisthelakeD.isthelakeshallow
21.Hardly_______whenitbegantorain.
AhadhearrivedBarrivedhe
ChehadarrivedDdidhearrive
22.—Father,youpromised!
—Well,.Butitwasyouwhodidn’tkeepyourwordfirst.
A.sowasIB．sodidIC.soIwasD．soIdid
课后小结与反思

Unit 1 Great scientists 教案

Unit1Greatscientists

BriefStatementsBasedonThisUnitThisunitcentersonGreatscientists,includingsomescientistsbothathomeandabroadlikeJohnSnowandCopernicus.Thestudentsshouldbeencouragedtopractisetalkingaboutthesescientists.Thewholeunitcanbedividedintosevenparts:warmingup,reading,listeningandspeaking,languagefocusing,readingandwriting,grammar,andassessment.?Inwarmingup,thereisaquizforthestudentstodo,whichwillarousethestudents’interestinknowingaboutthefamousscientistsandhelpthestudentstoknowscienceisveryimportantinourdailylife.Groupdiscussionandbrainstormingwillbeusedinthisperiodtohelpthestudentstocommunicatewitheachotherusingtheirpreviousknowledge.Inthereadingpassage,thestudentswilllearnaboutJohnSnow,whodefeats“KingCholera”,andgetageneralideaabouthowtoexamineanewscientificidea.Thiswillhelpthestudentstoformtheirownattitudetowardsscience.Inlearningaboutlanguage,thestudentsareencouragedtolearnthefollowingwordsandexpressions:engine,characteristic,radium,theory,scientific,examine,conclude,analyzerepeat,defeat,attend,expose,cure,control,absorb,severe,valuable,blame,immediately,handle,announce,instruct,virus,construction,contribute,positive,movement,backward,complete,enthusiastic,spin,reject,view,steamengine,putforward,drawaconclusion,inaddition,link...to...,bestrictwith,leadto,makesense,pointofview.Whilepractisingusingthelanguage,thestudentswilllearnaboutCopernicus’RevolutionaryTheory,andtheirskillsofreading,speakingandwritingwillbeimproved.?Inlisteningandspeaking,morechanceswillbegiventothestudentstolearnaboutotherscientistsandtheirspirit.Thestudentsareencouragedtomakeuptheirmindtomakecontributionstoscience.ThestudentswillbeaskedtowritealettertoCopernicusonthebasisoftheunderstandingofthetext.Thelettersaresuretobefullofimaginationandcreativity.?Assessmentwillhelpthestudentstolookbackwhattheyhavelearnedandfocusonthedifficultandimportantpoints.So,thisunitwillbedividedintosevenperiodsasfollows:?Period1WelcometotheUnit?Period2Reading?Period3ListeningandSpeaking?Period4ReadingandWriting?Period5Grammar?Period6LanguageFocusing?Period7Assessment?Knowledgeaims:Keywordsinthisunit:engine,characteristic,radium,theory,scientific,examine,conclude,analyze,repeat,defeat,attend,expose,cure,control,absorb,severe,valuable,blame,immediately,handle,announce,instruct,virus,construction,contribute,positive,movement,backward,complete,enthusiastic,spin,reject,view.?Keyphrasesinthisunit:putforward,knowabout,lookinto,inaddition,preventsth.fromdoing,leadto,makesense,punishsb.for,suggestdoingsth.steamengine,drawaconclusion,link...to...,bestrictwith,leadto,pointofview.Keysentencepatterns:1Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeopleexposedtocholera.2Hegotinterestedintwotheoriesexplaininghowcholerakilledpeople.?3Onlyifyouputthesuntheredidthemovementsoftheotherplanetsintheskymakesense.Grammarinthisunit:Pastparticipleusedasattributeandpredicative?Abilityaims:1.Totalkaboutgreatscientistsandtheirgreatachievements.?2.Toguesswhatwillbetalkedaboutinthelisteningmaterials.?3.Toimprovetheirreadingskills.?4.Tolearntousepastparticipleasattributeandpredicative.?Emotionaims:Toencouragethestudentstolearnaboutsomegreatscientistsandtheirgreatachievements?andhowsciencehelpstoimproveoursocietyandchangeourlife.Meanwhile,inspirethestudentstolearnfromthescientistsandformtheirpositiveattitudetowardsscience.

Period1WelcometotheUnit

TheGeneralIdeaofThisPeriodTheunitcenterson“greatscientists”.Thisisthefirstperiodofthisunit.Duringthisperiod,thestudentsshouldbeencouragedtogivetheirpreviousknowledgeofsomeofthefamousscientists,participateintheactivitiesinclassandtrytogetmoreinformationfromthediscussion.Theywilltakepartindifferentformsofactivities,includingpairwork,groupwork,competition,andquiz.Groupcompetitionwillbecarriedoutallthroughtheclass.?Wordsandexpressionsinthisunitwillhelpthestudentstotalkaboutthetopic“greatscientists”.Soatthebeginningofthisperiod,theteachershouldspendsometimetrainingthestudentstoreadthemandhelpthestudentspronouncethemcorrectly.Thestudentsareencouragedtolearnthenewwordsingroupsbythemselves,usingdictionariesandotherreferencebooks.Thenmoretimeshouldbegiventothestudentstogetfamiliarwiththewordsandexpressions.Lastly,severalsentenceswillbegiventothestudentstohelpthemtoknowhowtousesomeofthephrases.Thisunitisabout“greatscientists”,sofromtheverybeginning,theteachercan?encourage?thestudentstalkabouttheirdreamsinthefuture.Thentheteachercanletthestudentsbrainstormsomethingaboutgreatscientists.Thestudentsarefreetosayanythingthattheyknow.Thestudentswillbequiteinterestedinthistopic.Thisactivitygivesthestudentsachancetoexpresstheirfeelingsabouttheirfavoritescientist.Atthesametime,thisactivitycanstirthestudents’enthusiasminscience.Thentheteachercanhavethestudentsmatchthefamousscientistswiththeirdiscoveries,inventionsortheories,makingsurethattheyhavesomecommonsenseaboutsomeworld-famousscientists.Laterthestudentswillbedividedintoseveralgroups,describeoneofthegreat?scientists?andletotherstudentsguesswhoheorsheistalkingabout.Inthisway,thestudentsshouldlearntoorganizetheirownsentencesandexpresstheirideasclearly.?Afterthat,thestudentswillfeelcomfortabletodothequizinthetext.Thestudentsshouldbeencouragedtogivemoreinformationaboutthesetenscientists.?Meanwhile,thestudents’interestinscientistsandscienceshouldbecultivated.Sotwotopicdiscussionquestions,aswellasthepracticeexercisesaredesigned.?Thepost-classactivitiesaredesignedtoarousethestudents’interestinscienceandencouragethemto“DIY—doityourself”intheirdailylifeiftheyhavesomedoubtinsomeareas.TeachingImportantPointsHavethestudentsdiscussgreatscientists.Encouragethestudentstoholdtheirviewsabouttheirfuturecareer.?Understandandlearnthefollowingwordsandexpressions:engine,characteristic,radium,theory,scientific,examine,conclude,analyse,repeat,defeat,attend,expose,cure,control,absorb,severe,valuable,blame,immediately,handle,announce,instruct,virus,construction,contribute,positive,movement,backward,complete,enthusiastic,spin,reject,view,steamengine,putforward,drawaconclusion,inaddition,link...to...,bestrictwith,leadto,makesense,pointofview.?TeachingDifficultiesWhatcanwelearnfromthescientists??Whatshouldwedoinourdailylifetodevelopourinterestandloveforscience??TeachingAidsCAIequipmentwithaMulti-mediaclassroomandothernormalteachingtools.?

ThreeDimensionalTeachingAimsKnowledgeAimsLearnsomethingaboutsomefamousscientistsintheworld.?Knowabouttheoutstandingdiscoveries,inventionsandtheoriesfromsomewell-knownscientists.Trytounderstandandlearntheimportantwordsandexpressions.?AbilityAimsDevelopthestudents’abilityofspeaking.?Encouragethestudentstogivemoreinformationaboutthegreatscientists.?EmotionalAimsEncouragethestudentstolearnmoreaboutthegreatscientistsandlearnfromthem.?Helpthestudentstoformthegoodhabitinlearningandencouragethestudentstotakepartinsocialpractice.?Helpthestudentstorealizethatitisscientificspiritthatmakesthosescientistssuccessful.Encouragethestudentstodeveloptheirloveforscience.?

TeachingProcedureStep1GreetingTeacher:Hello,everyone.?Teacher:Hello,Mr.../Ms...?Step2LeadinT:I’mverygladtoseeyouallhere.Afteralongholiday,allofyoulookenergeticandhappy.Ihopethatwewillworkhardtogetherhappilyallthroughtheyear.Idobelievethatabrightfutureiswaitingforyou.Wearesuretorealizeourdreamsinthenearfuture.Bytheway,I’dliketoknowwhatyouwouldliketobeinthefuture.Letmeshareyourdreams.Anyonewhogivesyourideawillgetastarforyourgroup.Ready?Go!S:IadmireYangLiweiverymuch,whoisagreathonourtoourmotherland.I’dliketobeanastronautlikehim.T:Yeah,thespacecraft,ShenzhouV,orbitedtheearth14timesin21hours,making!--?xml:namespaceprefix=st1ns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"/--Chinathethirdcountrytohavesuccessfullysentanastronautintospace.Ihopeyouwillrealizeyourdream.S:Iwanttobeadoctor.IhopeI’llbeanoutstandingoneandbeexpertinfindingcuresfordifferentkindsofcancers.?T:That’sagoodidea.Therearesomanypatientswithcancersintheworld,whoaresufferingalot.Thankyou!?S:IwanttobeanEnglishteacherlikeyou.Foronething,IlikeEnglishverymuch;foranother,youarenotonlystrictwithusbutalsopatientwithus.Youarejustourfriendsandmaybemorethanourfriendssometimes.?T:I’mreallygladtohearthat.It’smygreathonortobeyourfriendsandIlikemyjobverymuch.S:I’dliketobeanexpertinenvironment.Yousee,withthedevelopmentofindustry,ourglobeisseriouslypolluted.Dirtywater,pollutedair,andloudnoisemakeourlivingconditionsworse.Ithinkweshouldleaveabeautifulworldtothenextgeneration.?T:Yes,someonepredictedthatthelastdropofwaterintheworldwouldbethetearofhumanbeing’s.Ithinkallofusshouldpayattentiontoourenvironment,andmakeourcontributionstoimprovingtheenvironment.?S:I’msointerestedinphysics.AndIhavereadStephenHawking’sABriefHistoryofTime?twice.IhopeIwillbeascientistlikehim.Asweallknow,thedevelopmentofoursocietywillgohandinhandwiththedevelopmentofscience.T:Yeah,Ican’tagreewithyoumore.Scienceplaysanimportantpartinthedevelopmentofoursociety.Therearesomanyexamplesinthehistoryofhumanbeings.Ss:...T:I’msogladtoshareyourdreams.Yourambitionandcarefulthoughtsreallyleaveagoodandamazingimpressiononme.Ilikethem.Inthisunit,youwilllearnsomethingabout“Greatscientists”.Maybeyouwillknowwhatyouneedinyoureffortstorealizeyourdreamsafterwetalkaboutsomeworld-famousscientists.Beforewecometo“Warmingup”,I’dlikeyoutocometothenewwordsinthisunit,whichwillhelpyoutolearnthisunit.?Step3WordpuzzlesT:OpenyourbooksandturntoPage92.Let’sreadthewordsandexpressionstogether.?(Letthestudentsreadthewordsandexpressionstogether.Helpthempronouncethenewwordsandexpressionscorrectly.Latergivethemsometimetopractisereadingandremembersomeeasyandimportantones.Givemorehelptothosewhoarepoorinpronunciation.)?T:Herearesomedefinitionsofsomeofthewordsfromthisunit.Pleaseworkinpairsandmatchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.(groupcompetition)?WordsDefinitionsorexplanationsA.examine1.generalprinciplesofanartorscience?B.repeat2.sayordoagain?C.theory3.atonce;withoutdelay?D.immediately4.lookat...carefullyinordertolearnaboutorfrom...?E.complete5.ofgreatvalue,worthoruse?F.valuable6.havingallitsparts;whole;finished?G.announce7.makeknown?H.control8.comeorbringtoanend?I.positive9.powertoorderordirect?J.conclude10.quitecertainorsureT:Now,let’schecktheanswers.A—4,B—2,C—1,D—3,E—6,F—5,G—7,H—9,I—10,J—8.Youhavedoneagoodjob.Iwillgiveyousomemoreminutestogooverallthewordsandexpressionsandthenfillintheblankswithproperformsofsomeofthemfromthisunit.?1.“AllroadsleadtoRome,”heencouragedmeafterIfailedtheentranceexamination.?2.Thissentencedoesn’tmakeanysense.?3.OurEnglishteacherisnotonlystrictwithusbutalsofriendlytous.?4.Heisgood-looking,apartfromhisnose.?5.Itisannouncedthatthespacecraft,ShenzhouⅥ,landedontheearthsuccessfully.?6.ItisnotTombutyouwhoaretoblame.?7.In1995,theChinesegovernmentputforwardaplanfor“rejuvenatingthenationbyrelyingonscienceandeducation”.AndithashelpedChinesescientistsmakemanybreakthroughs.?8.Haveyoudrawnanyconclusionafteryoureadthispassage?T:Welldone.Somuchforthelearningofthenewwordsandexpressions.?Step4BrainstormingT:Nowlet’scometothetitleofthisunitGreatscientists.Whenwetalkaboutgreat?scientists,whatwillcomeintoyourmind(s)?Wewillgoonourcompetition.?S1:MadameCurie,whogottwoNobelPrizes,oneforphysicsandtheotherforchemistry,isreallyoutstandingamongallthewomenscientists.?S2:ItremindsmeofthegreatinventornamedThomasAlvaEdisonandoneofhisfamous?sayings“Geniusisonepercentinspirationandninety-ninepercentperspiration.”S3:Yes,weleadabetterlifenowwiththehelpofscience.WithoutEdison,maybenowwearestilllivinginadarkworld.Theyreallymakeourlifeeasierandmorecomfortable.?S4:IalsothinkofoneofthequotesfromAlbertEinstein,“Imaginationismoreimportantthanknowledge.”S5:Allthescientistsaredevotedtothecareerthattheychoose,andtheysetgoodexamplestousinourwork.?S6:Takeallthescientistsforexample,ifwewanttobesuccessfulinthefuture,weshouldnotonlylearnsomethingfromourtextbooks,butalsotakepartinsocialpracticeandgetclosetonaturetolearnmoreaboutit.?S7:Ilikeplantsverymuch.Ijustthinkofthetwokeyscientistsinthefieldofbotany,CarlLinnaeusandJosephBanks.Theformeronelaidthefoundationfortheclassificationofplants,whilethelatteronealsomadegreatcontributionstothedevelopmentanddirectionofbotany.Ss:...?T:I’mgladtoseethatyouhaveagreatdealofpreviousknowledgeoffamousscientistsintheworld.Step5PreviousknowledgeT:Nowlet’smatchsomeofthegreatscientistswiththeirfamousdiscoveries,inventionsortheories.Letmeseewhoisthequickestinmindandactionandcangetalltheanswerscorrect.?FamousscientistsDiscoveries/Inventions/Theories?A.IsaacNewton1.Evolution(进化论)?B.CharlesDarwin2.DiscoveryofRadium（镭）?C.MadameCurie3.Newton’sLaw?D.AlbertEinstein4.Electricbulb?E.ThomasAlvaEdison5.TheoryofRelativity?F.NicolausCopernicus6.Seismograph?G.StephenHawking7.ABriefHistoryofTime?H.ZhangHeng8.Theearthmovesaroundthesun.?(Checktheanswerswithallthestudents:A—3,B—1,C—2,D—5,E—4,F—8,G—7,H—6.)T:Sinceyouhaveabetterunderstandingofsomeofthegreatscientists,let’splayagame.Pleaseworkingroupsanddescribeoneofthegreatscientists,andthenletotherstudentsguesswhoyouaretalkingabout.?Group1:Intheeighteenthcentury,therelivedagreatscientistwhoconductedanumberofexperimentsinwhichheshowedwhatelectricityis.Oncehedidafamouskiteexperimentonastormyday,andprovedthatlighteningandelectricityarethesamething.?S:BenjaminFranklin.Group2:ItissaidthatthisEnglishgentlemanwassittinginhisgardenonedaywhensuddenlyhewashitbyafallingapple.Thestoryisprobablynottrue,butthismandidmentionthathegotoneofhisbest-knownideaswhilewatchingapplesfallfromatree.Hisnamemakesyouthinkthathewasnottoointerestedinoldthings.He?discovered?theforceofgravity,andhedrewupasystemofhowobjectsmove.Hislawsformotionarestillusedinphysicstoday,atleastinschoolsanduniversities.?S:SirIssacNewton.?Group3:Foodiswhatsetsthisgreatmindonfire.Rice,tobeexact.Thisgreatmindhasspentmostofhislifelookingforwaystohelpfarmersgrowmorericesothatallofuswillhaveenoughfoodtoeat.Heisknownasthefatherofmodernrice,butbecauseofhislongfriendshipwithallthefarmersinChina,hewouldratherbeknownas“thefarmer”.?S:YuanLongping.?Group4:Hewasbornon8January1942inOxford,England.Hehasworkedonthebasiclawswhichgoverntheuniverse.HeshowedthatEinstein’sGeneralTheoryofRelativityimpliedspaceandtimewouldhaveabeginningintheBigBangandanendinblackholes.Hehasthreepopularbookspublished:hisbestsellerABriefHistoryofTime,BlackHolesandBabyUniversesandOtherEssaysandmostrecentlyin2001,TheUniverseinaNutshell.?S:StephenHawking.?Ss:...T:Welldone.?Step6QuizT:Youhavealreadyknownsomeinformationaboutsomeofthegreatscientists.Nowlet’sdoaquiz,tryingtofindoutwhothesescientistsare.?

QuizQuestions1.Whichscientistdiscoveredthatobjectsinwaterareliftedupbyaforcethathelpsthemfloat?2.Whowroteabookexplaininghowanimalsandplantsdevelopedastheenvironmentchanged?3.Whoinventedthefirststeamengine??4.Whousedpeastoshowhowphysicalcharacteristicsarepassedformparentstotheirchildren??5.Whodiscoveredradium??6.Whoinventedthewayofgivingelectricitytoeverybodyinlargecities??7.Whowasthepainterthatstudieddeadbodiestoimprovehispaintingofpeople??8.Whoinventedalamptokeepminerssafeunderground??9.Whoinventedtheearliestinstrumenttotellpeoplewhereearthquakeshappened??10.Whoputforwardatheoryaboutblackholes??Checktheanswerswiththestudents.?1.Archimedes2.CharlesDarwin3.JamesWatt4.GregorMendel?5.MadameCurie?6.Faraday7.Leonardodavinci8.HumphreyDavy?9.ZhangHeng?10.StephenHawkingT:Pleaseworkingroupsandhaveadiscussiontofindasmuchinformationaspossibleaboutthesetengreatscientists.?(Theteacherhadbetterjoininthediscussionandgivethemsomeguidancewhenevernecessary.Afterthediscussion,asksomestudentstogiveashortreportaboutwhatthegrouphavediscussed.)?(Refertotheinformationaboutthesescientistsbelow,andvariousanswersarepossible.)?Step7PracticeT:Todaywehavelearnedalotaboutgreatscientistsintheworld.Wecanlearnfromthemtoliveourdreams.Andweteachersaretoowillingtohelpyou.Inyouropinion,whatshouldourschool/teachers/studentsdototapthestudents’potential??S:Ourschoolshouldgivethestudentsmorechancestotakepartinsocialpractice.?S:Ourteachersshouldhelpthestudentsusetheirimaginations.?S:Westudentsshouldsolvetheproblemsonourown.(Askmorestudentstogivetheiropinions.Theteachershouldencouragethem,jointhem,praisethem,andmakecommentsontheirideas.)?Step8Discussion(GroupCompetition)T:Yourideasaresowonderfulandamazing.Iadmirethemverymuch.Nowlet’scometoourtopic.Topic1:Whatcanyoulearnfromthesescientists??Topic2:Whatqualitiesshouldwehavetobeasuccessfulman??(Givethestudentsseveralminutestohaveadiscussion.Thenletthemhaveagroupcompetition.)Step9SummingupT:Inthisperiod,wehavetalkedalotaboutgreatscientists.Youhavealotofpreviousknowledgeandyouarefullofimaginationandcreativity.Thosescientistssetgoodexamplestous.AndIthinkallofusarehappyaboutlearningmoreofthem.Afterclass,it’sbettertoreadsomebooksaboutthemandyoucansurftheInternettogetmoreinformation.AndI’dlikeyoutomakea“ScientistsAlbum”inthefollowingweek.?

TheDesignoftheWritingontheBlackboard

Unit1Greatscientists

Period1WelcometotheUnitBrainstorming

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ResearchandActivitiesDIY

1.Coveraglassofwaterwithapieceofthickpaper.Putonehandonthepaperandturntheglassupsidedown.Slowlytakeyourhandaway.Whathappens?Why??2.Filloneglasswithfreshwaterandanotherglasswithsaltwater.Putanicecubeineachglass.Whathappens?Why?3.Findoutasmanyfamoussayingsfromthosescientistsaspossible.

ReferenceforTeaching1.CharlesDarwinwasborninShrewsbury(shropshire)toamoderatelywealthyfamilywithastrongintellectualheritage.Hisgrandfather,ErasmusDarwin,wasaphysician,poetandbiologistwholaidsomeofthegroundworkforthegrandson’srevolutionaryideas.CharlesattendedChrist’sCollegeatCambridgewithinitialthoughtsofenteringtheclergy,butsoontookupstudiesinbiology,zoologyandgeology.From1831to1836,heservedasanaturalistaboardtheHMSBeagleonitsscientificmissiontoSouthAmericaandthePacific.BackinEngland,hepublishedaseriesofscientifictreatiseswhichestablishedhisreputationasoneoftheprominentthinkersofhisday.From1842onwards,helivedonacountryestateinKentandpursuedhisstudiesamongitsgardensandlivestock.?By1844,hehadwrittentheinitialdraftofhisgroundbreakingtreatiseonevolutionandnaturalselection.However,heleftthisworkunpublishedforseveralyears,preferringtorefineandelaborateitscoreideas.In1858,hereadaforthcomingpaperbyafellowscientistAlfredRussellWallacewhosethesiscloselyparalleledDarwin’sownunpublishedideas,aneventwhichpushedDarwintogopublicwithhisownresearch.BothWallace’sandDarwin’spaperswerepresentedtotheLinneanSocietyinafamousJuly,1858meeting.DarwinpublishedTheOriginofSpeciesbyMeansofNaturalSelectionin1859,sparkingdecadesofcontentiousdebatewhichultimatelyledtotheuniversalscientificrecognitionofDarwin’sthesis.Inlateryears,hedevelopedhisideasfurtherinmonographsondifferenttypesofplantandanimallife.Notes:Shrewsbury:什鲁斯伯里[英国英格兰西部城市]?physician:内科医生(注意区分physicist,物理学家)?revolutionary:创新的?HMS:（英国）皇家海军舰船(Her/HisMajesty’sShip)?treatises:论文?2.StephenWilliamHawkingwasbornon8January1942(300yearsafterthedeathofGalileo)inOxford,England.Hisparents’housewasinnorthLondon,butduringtheSecondWorldWarOxfordwasconsideredasaferplacetohavebabies.Whenhewaseight,hisfamilymovedtoStAlbans,atownabout20milesnorthofLondon.AtelevenStephenwenttoStAlbansSchool,andthenontoUniversityCollege,Oxford,hisfather’soldcollege.StephenwantedtodoMathematics,althoughhisfatherwouldhavepreferredmedicine.MathematicswasnotavailableatUniversityCollege,sohedidPhysicsinstead.AfterthreeyearsandnotverymuchworkhewasawardedafirstclasshonoursdegreeinNaturalScience.StephenthenwentontoCambridgetodoresearchinCosmology,therebeingno-oneworkinginthatareainOxfordatthetime.HissupervisorwasDenisSciama,althoughhehadhopedtogetFredHoylewhowasworkinginCambridge.AftergaininghisPh.D.hebecamefirstaResearchFellow,andlateronaProfessorialFellowatGonvilleandCaiusCollege.AfterleavingtheInstituteofAstronomyin1973StephencametotheDepartmentofAppliedMathematicsandTheoreticalPhysics,andsince1979hasheldthepostofLucasianProfessorofMathematics.Thechairwasfoundedin1663withmoneyleftinthewilloftheReverendHenryLucas,whohadbeentheMemberofParliamentfortheUniversity.ItwasfirstheldbyIsaacBarrow,andthenin1663byIsaacNewton.StephenHawkinghasworkedonthebasiclawswhichgoverntheuniverse.WithRogerPenroseheshowedthatEinstein’sGeneralTheoryofRelativityimpliedspaceandtimewouldhaveabeginningintheBigBangandanendinblackholes.TheseresultsindicateditwasnecessarytounifyGeneralRelativitywithQuantumTheory,theothergreatScientificdevelopmentofthefirsthalfofthe20thCentury.Oneconsequenceofsuchaunificationthathediscoveredwasthatblackholesshouldnotbecompletelyblack,butshouldemitradiationandeventuallyevaporateanddisappear.Anotherconjectureisthattheuniversehasnoedgeorboundaryinimaginarytime.Thiswouldimplythatthewaytheuniversebeganwascompletelydeterminedbythelawsofscience.?HismanypublicationsincludeTheLargeScaleStructureofSpacetimewithGFREllis,GeneralRelativity:AnEinsteinCentenarySurvey,withWIsrael,and300YearsofGravity,withWIsrael.StephenHawkinghastwopopularbookspublished:hisbestsellerABriefHistoryofTime,andhislaterbook,BlackHolesandBabyUniversesandOtherEssays.?ProfessorHawkinghastwelvehonorarydegrees,wasawardedtheCBEin1982,andwasmadeaCompanionofHonourin1989.Heistherecipientofmanyawards,medalsandprizesandisaFellowofTheRoyalSocietyandaMemberoftheUSNationalAcademyofSciences.?StephenHawkingcontinuestocombinefamilylife(hehasthreechildrenandonegrandchild),andhisresearchintotheoreticalphysicstogetherwithanextensiveprogrammeoftravelandpubliclectures.3.HumphryDavy,awoodcarver’sson,wasborninPenzancein1778.AfterbeingeducatedinTruro,DavywasapprenticedtoaPenzancesurgeon.In1797hetookupchemistryandwastakenonbyThomasBeddoes,asanassistantathisMedicalPneumaticInstitutioninBristol.Hereheexperimentedwithvariousnewgasesanddiscoveredtheanestheticeffectoflaughinggas(nitrousoxide).DavypublisheddetailsofhisresearchinhisbookResearches,ChemicalandPhilosophical(1799).ThisledtoDavybeingappointedasalecturerattheRoyalInstitution.Hewasatalentedteacherandhislecturesattractedlargeaudiences.?In1806DavypublishedOnSomeChemicalAgenciesofElectricity.Thefollowingyearhediscoveredthatthealkalisandalkalineearthsarecompoundsubstancesformedbyoxygenunitedwithmetallicbases.Healsousedelectrolysistodiscovernewmetalssuchaspotassium,sodium,barium,strontium,calciumandmagnesium.?DavywasnowconsideredtobeBritain’sleadingscientistandin1812wasknightedbyGeorgeⅢ.Withhisassistant,MichaelFaraday,Davytravelledabroadinvestigatinghistheoryofvolcanicaction.?In1815HumphryDavyinventedasafetylampforuseingassycoalmines,allowingdeepcoalseamstobemineddespitethepresenceoffiredamp(methane).ThisledtosomecontroversyasGeorgeStephenson,workinginacollierynearNewcastle,alsoproducedasafetylampthatyear.Bothmenclaimedthattheywerefirsttocomeupwiththisinvention.?OneofDavy’smostimportantcontributionstohistorywasthatheencouragemanufacturerstotakeascientificapproachtoproduction.Hisdiscoveriesinchemistryhelpedtoimproveseveralindustriesincludingagriculture,miningandtanning.SirHumphryDavydiedin1829.4.LeonardodaVinci(b.1452,Vinci,RepublicofFlorence[nowinItaly]—d.May2,1519,Cloux,Fr.),Italianpainter,draftsman,sculptor,architect,andengineerwhosegenius,perhapsmorethanthatofanyotherfigure,epitomizedtheRenaissancehumanistideal.HisLastSuppe(1495-1497)andMonaLisa(1503-1506)areamongthemostwidelypopularandinfluentialpaintingsoftheRenaissance.Hisnotebooksrevealaspiritofscientificinquiryandamechanicalinventivenessthatwerecenturiesaheadofhistime.?5.MadamCurieisaFrenchprofessorofphysics.ShewasborninPolandin1867.In1891shewenttostudyinParisUniversitybecauseatthattimewomenwerenotadmittedtouniversitiesinPoland.WhenshewasstudyinginParis,shelivedapoorlife,butsheworkedveryhard.In1895shemarriedPierreCurie,andthentheyworkedtogetherontheresearchintoradioactivematter.Theydiscoveredtwokindsofradioactivematter—poloniumandradium.In1904sheandherhusbandweregiventheNobelPrizeforphysics.In1906Pierredied,butMariewentonworking.ShereceivedasecondNobelPrizeforChemistryin1911.SoshebecamethefirstscientistintheworldtowintwoNobelPrizes.6.JamesWatt:Britishengineerandinventorwhomadefundamentalimprovementsinthesteamengine,resultinginthemodern,high-pressuresteamengine(patented1769).?7.GregorMendelwasanAustrianbotanistandfounderofthescienceofgenetics.Throughyearsofexperimentswithplants,chieflygardenpeas,hediscoveredtheprincipleoftheinheritanceofcharacteristicsthroughthecombinationofgenesfromparentcells.?8.Archimedes:Greekmathematician,engineer,andphysicist.Amongthemostimportantintellectualfiguresofantiquity,hediscoveredformulasfortheareaandvolumeofvariousgeometricfigures,appliedgeometrytohydrostaticsandmechanics,devisednumerousingeniousmechanisms,suchastheArchimedeanscrew,anddiscoveredtheprincipleofbuoyancy.9.MichaelFaraday(September22,1791—August25,1867)wasaBritishscientist(aphysicistandchemist)whocontributedsignificantlytothefieldsofelectromagnetismandelectrochemistry.HealsoinventedtheearliestformofthedevicethatwastobecometheBunsenburner,whichisusedalmostuniversallyinsciencelaboratoriesasaconvenientsourceofheat.?MichaelFaradaywasoneofthegreatscientistsinhistory.Somehistoriansofsciencerefertohimasthegreatestexperimentalistinthehistoryofscience.Itwaslargelyduetohiseffortsthatelectricitybecameaviabletechnology.TheSIunitofcapacitance,thefarad(symbolF)isnamedafterhim.