高三英语教案：《冠词备考复习》教学设计。
俗话说，凡事预则立，不预则废。高中教师要准备好教案，这是高中教师的任务之一。教案可以让学生们能够更好的找到学习的乐趣，减轻高中教师们在教学时的教学压力。优秀有创意的高中教案要怎样写呢？下面是小编精心为您整理的“高三英语教案：《冠词备考复习》教学设计”，但愿对您的学习工作带来帮助。
【重难点突破】
[概述] 冠词是虚词，不能单独使用，位于名词前，帮助指明名词的含义。
(一)、不定冠词a和an的用法
基本用法
(1)、用在单数可数名词前，表示某一类人或事物中的个体。
A teacher shouldn’t talk like that.
教师不应当这样讲话。
(2)、用于表示首次提到的某人或某物，但没有具体说明是谁或是什么。(短文改错中常出现)
(3)、用来表示“一”的概念，但不如one的数字概念强。
It took me a year to save up for a new coat.
我用了一年时间才省出钱买一件新大衣。
特殊用法
(1)、表示价钱、时间、速度等的“每一”(=per)。
---- It’s said John will be in a job paying over ,000 ______ year.
---- Right, he will also get paid by ______ week.(2011江西卷)
A.the; the B.a; the C.the; a D.a; a
(2)、在专有名词前表示“某一个”、“类似的一个”。
The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that ________ people from all walks of life are working hard for ________ new Jiangsu. [2010?江苏]
A./; a B./; the C.the; a D.the; the
Experts think that ______recently discovered painting may be ______ Picasso.(2011浙江卷)
A.the ;不填 B.a ;the C.a; 不填 D.the; a
(3)、用于序数词前表示“又一”、“再一”。
First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you never get ________ second chance to make ________ first impression. [2010?北京]
A.a; the B.the; the C.a; a D.the; a
(4)、用于具体化了的抽象名词前。
Generosity is a virtue.慷慨是一种美德。
(5)、在某些物质名词前表示一杯 / 罐 / 瓶/ 场/ 阵/ 种等。
There was a heavy snow yesterday. 昨天下了一场大雪。
(6)、用于most前，表示“非常”“很”等。
This is a most interesting story.
这是一个非常有趣的故事。
(7)、有的不可数名词或本来应该带定冠词(the)的名词，由于受定语(尤其是形容词)的修饰，其前一般要用不定冠词或改用不定冠词，表示某种状态，此时的不定冠词通常含有 a kind of 的意思。如：
have breakfast 吃早餐→have a quick breakfast吃快餐
the world 世界→a world like ours 像我们这样的世界
有些不可数名词即使受形容词的修饰也不能用不定冠词，容易弄错的有：news，advice，luck，fortune，work，fun，weather，homework，housework，information，behavior，harm，damage，progress，furniture，baggage，luggage，poetry，scenery等。
We can never expect bluer sky unless we create less polluted world. (09安徽)u))
A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; the ks5
(8)、两个单数可数名词连用表示一个整体时，只用一个不定冠词。
He is a teacher and poet. 他既是老师又是诗人。
There’s a horse and cart on the road. 路上有1辆马车。
(9)、与副词quite, rather连用时，a (an) 一般要后置。如：
这次聚会很成功。
误：The party was a quite success.
正：The party was quite a success.
但若其后的名词前有形容词修饰，则a (an) 放在quite / rather之前或之后均可以。如：
这是一个颇为悲惨的故事。
正：It’s rather a sad story.
正：It’s a rather sad story
(10)、用于what引导的感叹句中
What pity that you couldn’t be there to receive prize!(09陕西)
A. a; a B. the; a C. a; the D. the; the
(二)、定冠词的用法
基本用法
(1)、特指上文已经提到过的人或物。(常用语短文改错)
(2)、指谈话双方都熟悉的人或物。(常用语短文改错)
(3)、用来特指某(些)人或某(些)物。所特指的人或物常被短语或定语从句修饰。
1.The theme of Expo 2010 was “Better City, Better Life”， representing ________ common wish of the whole humankind for ________ better living in future urban environments.
A.the; a B.a; a C./; the D.the; /
(4)、用于单数可数名词之前，表示该类事物，相当于a。
(5)、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。
特殊用法
(1)、序数词和形容词最高级前通常要用定冠词，副词最高级前可用定冠词;比较级若表特指也要用定冠词限制。
As is know to all, People’s Republic of China is Biggest developing country in the world.(2011?陕西卷)
A.the ;不填 B.不填 ;the C.the ;the D.不填;不填
注：表示名次的序数词前的定冠词以及副词最高级前的定冠词通常可以省略。
(2)、用于某些专有名词前如用于河流、海洋、山川、海岛、海峡、沙漠等专有名词前，以及用于由普通名词构成(或含有普通名词)的专有名词如国名、地名、团体、机构、党派、报纸、杂志、事件、建筑物等前如：
the Yellow River 黄河 the Red Sea 红海
the Indian Ocean 印度洋 the Taiwan Straits 台湾海峡
the Sahara (Desert) 撒哈拉大沙漠 the United States 美国
the Times 泰晤士报 the Great Wall长城
the Great Cultural Revolution 文化大革命
注：表示湖泊的专有名词前通常不加定冠词，但对于中国的湖泊则习惯上要加定冠词，如 the Dongting Lake(洞庭湖)。
(3)、定冠词有时可用于表示姓氏的复数前，表示全家人或全家中两个或两个以上的人。
The Smiths are watching TV in the sitting room。
(4)、用在某些形容词前，表示一类人或事物。
如：the young 年轻人;the disabled 残疾人
(5)、用在表示阶级、党派、方位、方向、乐器的名词前。
如：in the north;play the piano;join the party
(6)、一些固定结构中
如：“the +比较级，the +比较级”，表示“越…..越…..’
(7)、在“动词+人+介词+the+人体部位“结构中要用the，而不用物主代词。
如：hit sb on the head
(8)、固定短语
do the shopping 买东西
at the age of 在……岁时
make the beds 铺床
all over the country(world)全国/全世界
by the way 顺便
at the end of… 在……的尽头
on the way home 在回家的路上
in the end 最后
in the front of 在前部
on the phone 用电话
on the other hand 一方面……另一方面
in the middle 在……中间
on the radio 通过无线电
at the moment 此刻
(三)零冠词的用法
英语中，有些情况下名词前不用冠词，这种情况通常称为零冠词。
(1)、用于表示泛指或一般意义的物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、复数名词等之前。
Some people fear that ________ air pollution may bring about changes in _______ weather around the world. (09江西)
A. /; the B. the; / C. an; the D. the; a
(2)、用于非特指的季节、月份、星期及三餐、球类棋类和游戏以及含 day 的节日前。
Monday comes before Tuesday. 星期二在星期一之后。
Won't you stay for lunch? 留在这儿吃午饭好吗?
(3)、用于作表语、补语、同位语的惟一职位名词前。
Dr.Peter Spemce, headmaster of the school,told us, fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.(2011?四川卷)
A./;A B./;The C. the; The D.a; A
(4)、用于表示“变成”的 turn / go 后作表语的单数名词前。
He was a teacher before he turned writer.
他成为作家之前是教师。
(5)、man作“人类“讲时，同human、mankind一样不用冠词。
(6)、用于某些用介词 by 构成的表方式的短语中。如：
by bus 乘公共汽车 by plane / by air乘飞机
by land 走陆路 by sea 走海路
by phone 用电话 by letter 用信件
by post 用邮寄 by hand 用手工
(四)、固定搭配中有无冠词的区别
(1). in front of 在……(外)的前面
in the front of 在……(内)的前面
(2). in charge of 掌管;负责
in the charge of 在……负责之下
(3). at table 在用饭;吃饭时
at the table 在桌旁
(4). by day 白天;日间
by the day 按日计
(5). take place 发生;举行
take the place 代替;接替
注意：有些短语中，有无冠词意义并无区别。如：at (the) least 至少; at (the) most 至多。
【高考真题剖析】
(2011?全国新课标卷)33.It is generally accepted that boy must learn to stand up and fight like man.
A.a; a B.a; the C.the; the D.a; /
答案【A】 本题考查冠词的基本用法， a boy 和a man都表示泛指，所以选择答案A.
(2011?重庆卷)26.In communication, a smile is usually ___________ strong sign of a friendly and _______ open attitude.
A.the, / B.a, an C.a, / D.the, an
答案【C】本题考查冠词的基本用法，a strong sign 表示泛指，attitude前已经有冠词a friendly and _______ open attitude。
【真题练习】
(09安徽)1. We can never expect bluer sky unless we create less polluted world.
A. a; a B. a; the
C. the; a D. the; the
【答案】A
(09北京)2. The biggest whale is ___ blue whale, which grows to be about 29 meters long—the height of ____ 9-story building.
A. the; the B. a; a C. a; the D. the; a
【答案】B
(09江西)3. Some people fear that ________ air pollution may bring about changes in _______ weather around the world.
A. /; the B. the; / C. an; the D. the; a
【答案】A 考查冠词用法。Air pollution 是抽象名词这里是泛指，weather 这里是特指全球的气候，根据the weather around the world 可知。
(09海南)4. Let’s go to cinema-that’ll take your mind off the problem for while
A. the; the B. the; a
C. a; the D. a ; a
【答案】B。 考查冠词的用法go to the cinema 表示具体的某地，for a while 固定搭配，表示“一会儿”。
(09陕西)5. What pity that you couldn’t be there to receive prize!
A. a; a B. the; a C. a; the D. the; the
【答案】C 考查冠词。第一空所填冠词与上下文构成固定句型what a pity that…，用不定冠词a;第二空后名词表示表特指，用定冠词the，选C。
(09四川)6. In order to find _______ better job, he decided to study _________ second foreign language.
A. the; a B. a; a C. the; the D. a; the
【答案】B 考查冠词的用法。该题的意思是：为了找到一个更好的工作，他决定再学习另外一门外语。第一空表示泛指;第二空用a +序数词+名词表示又一，再一。
(09浙江)7.I don’t understand what the engineer means, but I’ve got ______ rough idea of _____ project plan.
A. the; a B. 不填; the C. the; 不填 D. a; the
【答案】D
(09重庆)8, Washing machines made by China have won worldwide attention and Haier has become popular name.
A. a; the B. /; a
C. /; the D. the; a
【答案】B
(09全国2 )9. What I need is book that contains ABC of oil painting.
A. a; 不填 B. the; 不填 C. the; an D. a; the
【答案】D
(10福建)21. It’s good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them pleasure.
A. 不填, a B. a, 不填 C. the, a D. a, the21. 答案：B
考点：冠词的使用
解析：good feeling并非特指，故用a;pleasure是抽象名词，无需冠词。句意为“人们喜欢上海世博会给它们的快乐，这是(一)种不错的感觉” a good feeling , 一种不错的感觉，give sb pleasure。
(10山东)22. If we sit near _______ front of the bus, we’ll have _______ better view.
A. 不填; the B. 不填;a C. the; a D. the;the
答案：C
考点： 本题考查冠词在具体语境中的使用。
解析： 句意应为“如果我们坐在公共汽车的前部，就会有更好的视野。”表示“某空间内部的前部”时，front前要加定冠词the; have a good view是习惯搭配，表示“视野开阔，视野良好”之意;所以C项符合语境。
(10江苏)21. The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that_______ people from all walks of life are working hard for_____ new Jiangsu.
A.不填; a B. 不填;the C. the; a D. the; the
选A. 第一空,来自社会各阶层的人. 是不特指,不用冠词. 第二空, 在Jiangsu 前有形容词new 因此,应加冠词a.表示一个全新的江苏
(10辽宁)22.There are over 58, 000 rocky objects in _______ space, about 900 of which could fall down onto _______ earth.
A. the; the B. 不填; the C. the; 不填 D. a; the
答案：B
句意：太空中有超过58,000的岩状物体，其中大约900有可能掉到地球上。
解析：考查冠词。第一空in space 是固定短语，不用冠词，第二空名词earth属于独一无二事物的名词，其前必须用定冠词。
(10北京)35. First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you never get __ second chance to make __ first impression.
A. a; the B. the; the C. a; a D. the; a
35. 答案：A
考点: 冠词
解析：很多同学错在第二个空to make a first impression上了。在做题的时候不够细心，因为此题的句意是：第一印象是最持久的。总之，你永远不可能有第二个机会去再给别人留一次第一印象。本题强调的重点是第二个机会a second chance;第二次留一个第一印象，make a first impression. first为干扰因素。
若句意改变为：你没有机会去改变你的第一印象You never get a second chance to change the first impression。此处再填the就合情合理了。
(10重庆)27. Everything comes with price; there is no such thing as free lunch in the world.
A. a, a B. the, / C. the, a D. a, /
27. 答案D
考点：考查冠词。
解析： price意思是“代价”，为可数名词，第二空前边有no,后面的名词不用冠词，故选 D项。
(10浙江)2. Many lifestyle patterns do such great harm to health that they actually speed up
weakening of the human body.
A. a; / B. /; the C. a; the D. /; /
答案：B
考点：本题考查冠词。
解析：句意：许多生活方式对人类的健康有害，他们加速了人类身体的衰退。本题考查冠词，对……有害用短语“do harm to”表示，中间无需冠词;之后的weakening是由动词的ing形式表示抽象的名词，表达一种概念、状况时需要加上the。
(10四川)2. In most countries, a university degree can give you flying start in life.
A. the; a B. the; 不填 C.不填; 不填 D.不填; a
答案：D
考点：考查冠词。
解析： most countries此处表泛指，most前不加定冠词the.第二个空处应为“一个高起点的开始”，故用a ,正确答案为D。
(2011?全国II)16.As he reached _____front door, Jack saw ______strange sight.【D】
A.the;不填 B.a; the C.不填a D.the; a
(2011?陕西卷)13.As is know to all, People’s Republic of China is Biggest developing country in the world.【C】
A.the ;不填 B.不填 ;the
C.the ;the D.不填;不填
(2011?四川卷)18.Dr.Peter Spemce, headmaster of the school, told us, fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.【A】
A.不填;A B.不填;The C.the; The D.a; A
(2011?江西卷)22.------It’s said John will be in a job paying over 860,00 _____ year
-----He will also get paid by _____ week.【B】
A.the; the B.a; the C. D.a; a
(2011?全国新课标卷)33.It is generally accepted that boy must learn to stand up and fight like man.【A】
A.a; a B.a; the C.the; the D.a; 不填
(2011?浙江卷)2.Experts think that ____recently discovered painting may be _____ Picasso.【D】
A.the.不填 B.a; the C.a;不填 D.the; a
(2011?山东卷)21.Take your time-it’s just ____short distance from here to_____ restaurant.【B】
A.不填;the B.a; the C.the; a D.不填;a
(2011?重庆卷)26.In communication, a smile is usually ___________ strong sign of a friendly and _______ open attitude.【C】
A.the, / B.a, an C.a, / D.the, an
巩固练习
1. Tom owns ________ larger collection of ________ books than any other student in our class.
A. the; 不填 B. a; 不填
C. a; the D. 不填; the
2. For a long time they walked without saying ________ word. Jim was the first to break ________ silence.
A. the; a B. a; the
C. a; 不填 D. the; 不填
3. When he left ________ college, he got a job as ________ reporter in a newspaper office.
A. 不填;a B. 不填;the
C. a ; the D. the ; the
4. If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off ________ .
A. a price B. price
C. the price D. prices
5. ________ on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is ________ major concern of the country.
A. The; 不填 B. The; a
C. An; the D. An; 不填
6. The Wilsons live in ________ A-shaped house near the coast. It is ??? ________ 17th century cottage.
A. the , / B. an, the
C. /, the D. an, a
7. When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to ________ hotel; I can find you ________ bed in my flat.
A. the; a B. the; 不填
C. a; the D. a; 不填
8. When you finish reading this book, you will have ________ better understanding of ________ life.
A. a, the B. the, a
C. /, the D. a, /
9. It is ________ world of wonders ________ world where anything can happen.
A. a, the B. a, a
C. the, a D. 不填, 不填
10. The most important thing about cotton in history is ________ part that it played in ________ Industrial Revolution.
A. 不填;不填 B. the;不填
C. the; the D. a; the
11. While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made ________ discover which completely changed ________ man’s understanding of color.
A. a…不填 B. a…the
C. 不填…the D. the…a
12. —I’d like ________ information about the management of your hotel, please.
—Well, you could have ________ word with the manager. He might be helpful.
A. some, a B. an, some
C. some, some D. an, a
13. Many people agree that ________ knowledge of English is a must in ________ international trade today.
A. a; / B. the; an
C. the; the D. /;the
14. —Have you seen ________ pen? I left it here this morning.
—Is it ________ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.
A. a; the B. the; the
C. the; a D. a; a
15. Paper money was in ________ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in ________ thirteenth century.
A. the; 不填 B. the; the
C. 不填; the D. 不填; 不填
16. Most animals have little connection with ________ animals of ________ different kind unless they kill them for food.jAB88.CoM
A. the; a B. 不填; a
C. the; the D. 不填; the
17. Jumping out of ________ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ________ exciting experience.
A. 不填, the B. 不填, an
C. an, an D. the, the
18. The sign reads “In case of ________ fire, break the glass and press ________ red button.”
A. / ; a B. / ; the
C. the; the D. a; a
19. On ________ news today, there were ________ reports of heavy snow in that area.
A. the; the B. the; 不填
C. 不填;不填 D. 不填;the
【答案解析】
1. B. 因为collection (收藏品，收集物) 是可数名词，此处为单数，又不是特指，所以用不定冠词;books是名词复数表示种类，而非特指，所以不用冠词。又如：a fine collection of paintings精美的绘画收藏品。
2. B. word (话、话语) 是可数名词，without saying a word意为“没说一句话”;虽然silence (沉默)是不可数名词，但此处是特指前面提到的那种沉默，所以用the。
3. A. 因为school, college, university, hospital, prison, church, table, bed名词等指其用途时，不用冠词。leave college意为“大学毕业”。又因为表示职业或身份的单数名词前通常要用不定冠词，所以选A。
4. C. price前加定冠词表特指。句意为“如果你买10个以上，他们会从那个价钱中减掉20便士”。
5. B. 因为division后有介词短语between…and…的限制，这是特指的，所以要用the。又因为concern作“所关切的事”解是可数名词，所以前面要用冠词。
6. D. 因为house和cottage都是可数名词，且都不是特指，所以都用不定冠词。句意是“威尔逊一家住在大海附近的一栋A形房子里，那是一座17世纪建的别墅”。
7. A. 从next time可知，对方这次住了旅馆，第一空的hotel就是特指这个旅馆，所以用the;第二空的单数可数名词bed不是特指的，所以用不定冠词。句意是：你下次来这里度假，就不要到这旅馆来住了，我在我的公寓里帮你弄张床。
8. D. 虽然understanding是不可数名词，但作“了解、理解”解时，却常常要加不定冠词(尤其是当其前有形容词修饰时)，排除B和C。又因为life作“生活、人生”解，是不可数名词，不是特指，不用冠词。have a better understanding of life指“对生活有更深刻的理解”。
9. B. 虽然通常说the world，但world有定语修饰时，表示“一个…的世界”时，要用不定冠词。题中两个world都有定语修饰，后者是前者的同位语，所以两个都用不定冠词。句意是：这是一个奇妙的世界，一个什么事都有可能发生的世界。
10. C. 因part后面有一定语从句修饰，是特指，用the;又因为“工业革命”是由普通名词构成的专有名词，所以前面也要用the。
延伸阅读
高三英语教案：《定语从句备考复习》教学设计
一名优秀的教师在每次教学前有自己的事先计划，作为高中教师就要在上课前做好适合自己的教案。教案可以让学生能够听懂教师所讲的内容，减轻高中教师们在教学时的教学压力。高中教案的内容具体要怎样写呢？下面是小编精心收集整理，为您带来的《高三英语教案：《定语从句备考复习》教学设计》，希望能为您提供更多的参考。
【2012年高考命题预测】
定语从句也是高考英语的重要语法，是历年考查的热点。2012年高考对定语从句的考查主要体现在：1、关系代词that和which的区别;2、关系代词which和as的区别;3、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句;4、定语从句与其他从句的区别。
【重难点突破】
【概述】定语从句是一种作定语用的从句，修饰主句中的一个名词或代词;定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词。
⒈ 定语从句要跟在先行词的后面。
⒉ 定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
⒊ 引导定语从句的关系词有两种：
关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等
关系副词：when, where, why 等
⒋ 关系词的作用：引导定语从句;代替先行词;在定语从句中作成分。
一、 定语从句中关系词的使用：
⒈ 如果修饰人，一般用关系代词who, whom, whose 或that。在定语从句中作主语的一般用who或that, 作宾语的一般用whom, who或that, 作定语并具有物主性质的用whose。(在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可省略)关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
(2011?四川卷)17.The school shop, customers are mainly students, is closed few the holidays.【B】
A.which B.whose C.when D.where[来源:Zxxk.Com]
(2011?福建卷)24.She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ____ allows them to communicate freely with each other.【A】
A.which B.where C.what D.who
⒉ 如果修饰事物，用关系代词which 和that，作宾语时可省略。作介词宾语时，如果介词位于关系代词之前，则用which (不能省) ，而不用that(关系代词that既能代人，又能代物)。whose也可用来指物(此时可用of which来代替)，在定语从句中作定语。
(2011?全国新课标卷)31.The prize will go to the writer story shows the most imagination.【C】
A.that B.which C.whose D.what
(2011?江西卷)34.She showed he visitors around the museum, the construction______ has taken more than three years.【C】
A.for which B.with which C.of which D.to which
3. when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，有时也可用介词+which来代替。
(2011?天津卷)10.The days are gone _____ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.【A】
A.when B.that C.where D.which[来源:学科网ZXXK]
4. where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，有时也可用介词+which来代替。
(2011?陕西卷)11.I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. 【B】
A.which B.where C.who D.that
5. why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，常可用for+ which来代替。
Do you know the reason why/for which he came so late?
判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。
判断改错：
(错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited la st year.
(对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on whichD. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
二、 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句与主句的关系密切，对先行词有修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句的意义将不完整或失去意义;非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不太密切，只对先行词有附加说明作用，如去掉，主句的意思仍完整;限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号分开，修饰的先行词可是名词，名词词组或代词;而非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开，可修饰主句的某一个词，也可以修饰整个句子。另外，在关系词的使用上：限制性定语从句作宾语时可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中不可省略;限制性定语从句中可用that，而非限制性定语从句中不可使用that。
(2011?浙江卷)8.English is a language shared by several diverse cultures ,each of____ uses it somewhat differently .【A】
A.which B.what C.them D.those
(2011?湖南卷)25.Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of ____ she spoke fluently. 【C】
A.who B.whom C.which D.that
(2010重庆)28. In china, the number of cities is increasing ________development is recognized across the world. 【C】
A. where B. which C. whose D. that
(10全国Ⅱ)16. I refuse to accept the blame for something _____was someone else’s fault. 【B】
A. who B. that C. as D. what
定语从句的常见考点：
⒈ one of + the +复数名词 后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况：
跟定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致，通常用复数。但如果这一结构前面有the only之类的限定语，后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式。
This is one of the books that are required for study at school.
He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.
⒉ 定语从句中用that而不用which的情况：
1)、先行词是不定代词时，如：everything, anything, any, something, little, much等。
We should do all that is useful to the people.
2)、先行词被all, every, no, some, any, much等词修饰时。
I have read all the books that you gave me. 。
3)、先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。
This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.
4)、先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。
This is the very book that I want to find.
5)、先行词既有人又有物时。
They are talking about the factory, the leaders and the workers that they visited yesterday.
6)、主句是以who 或which 开头的疑问句时。
Who is the person that is standing at the gate?
7)、关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时。
My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be.
⒊ 定语从句中宜用which而不用that 的情况：
1)、当关系代词前面有介词时。
Is this the room in which he lives?
2)、在非限制性定语从句中。
(2011?浙江卷)8.English is a language shared by several diverse cultures ,each of____ uses it somewhat differently .【A】
A.which B.what C.them D.those
3)、当关系代词后面有插入语时。
Here is the English grammar book which, as I had told you, will help improve your English.
在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系词用了that，另一个宜用which。
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly opened to us.
给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的一本小说。
⒋ 关系代词as 和which的选用：
在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面，而which引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面;在意义上，as定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如…，就象…”，而which定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which从句是对主句的评论。
The room hasn’t been cleaned for weeks, which makes it very dirty.
He was late again, as we had expected.他又迟到了，正如我们所料。
另外，在such…as…, the same…as…, as…as, so…as等结构中，as引导定语从句，此时不能用which代替。(这种定语从句常采用省略形式)
I have never seen such a lazy man as you.我从来没见过你这样懒的人。
Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. 这个大石块太大没人能把它举起来。
⒌ 先行词为situation、case、occasion、point时，常用where引导定语从句。
Can you point out a situation where this word can be used? 你能指出这个单词使用的场合吗
You have got to the point where a change is needed. 你已经发展到非改不可的地步了。
⒍ 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词要和先行词的性、数保持一致。
(2011?山东卷)32.The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other.【D】
A.they B.where C.what D.that
⒎ 定语从句中不要重复了关系代词或关系副词所替代的部分。
误：Thi s is the place that I have visited it.
这就是我参观过的那个地方。
应去掉it, 因that 代替先行词the place 在定语从句中作visit的宾语，再加it就是多余的了。
⒏ 定语从句中不要加多余的关系副词或介词。
误：The house where he lives in needs repairing.
应删去关系副词where, 因为where在这里的意思是in which, 否则介词in就重复了。或保留where, 删去从句里的in.
由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
1. 由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句主要用于正式文体，在非正式文体中通常将介词放至句末。如：This is the man to whom I referred. 我指的就是这个人。This is the man (whom) I referred to. 我指的就是这个人。
2. 直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词which不能换成that，直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词whom不能换成who。但若介词用于句末，则用作宾语的which, whom也可换成that, who，或者省略不同。如：这是一个我们讨论了许多的问题。(which不能换成that，也不能省略)This is a subject which we have talked about a lot. 这是一个我们讨论了许多的问题。(which可以换成that，也可以省略)
3. 关系副词when, where, why根据情况有时可换成“介词+关系代词which”。如： That is the day when [=on which] he was born. 那就是他出生的日子。That is the house where [=in which] he lived. 那就是他住过的房子。That is the reason why [=for which] he must apologize. 那就是他必须道歉的原因。4. 在很正式的文体中，“介词
4. +关系代词”引导的定语从句可紧缩成“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构。如：在那儿孩子们有个玩耍的花园。正：There the children had a garden in which to play. (很正式)正：There the children had a garden in which they could play. (较正式)正：There the children had a garden to play in. (较口语化)注：这类“介词+关系代词++不定式”结构中的介词不能没有，也不能放在句末。如不能说There the children had a garden which to play in.
定语从句关系词省略的6种情形
定语从句中关系词省略的6种情形关系词有时可以省略，但这只限于限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，关系词则不可省略。
一、关系代词作宾语时的省略当关系代词who, whom, which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时，可以省略。如：在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时，可以省略。如：Is there anything (which) you wanted? 想要什么东西吗? Who is the man (that / who / whom) you were talking to? 刚才和你讲话的人是谁?
二、关系代词作表语时的省略当关系代词that在定语从句中用作表语时，可以省略。如：China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。(that作表语)
三、关系代词作宾补时的省略当关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语补足时，可以省略。如：I’m not the madman (that) you thought me. 我并不是你所认为的那个疯子。(that作宾语补语)
四、关系副词when的省略用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于day, year, time等少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)也可换成。如：That was the year (that) I first went abroad. 就是那一年我第一次出国了。I’ll never forget the day (that) we met. 我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。
五、关系副词where的省略用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。如：This is the place (where) they met yesterday. 这就是他们昨天碰头的地方。Have you somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour? 你有没有一个什么地方可以让我躺一个小时?
六、关系副词why的省略关系副词why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句，且通常可换成that或for which，均可省略。如：That’s the reason (why, for which, that) he came.
这就是他来的原因。
Give me one reason (why) we should help you. 给我举出一个我们应当帮助你的理由。 absent, nothing couldn’t be done. 由于他缺席，什么事也干不成。
定语从句的考查
一、疑问句中考查定语从句
1. Is this the farm ________ you visited last week?
A. whereB. the one C. on whichD. /
【解析】答案是D。命题人经常利用疑问句的特殊结构来干扰学生的正确选择。遇到这类定语从句时，最好的办法是先把疑问句还原成陈述句，然后判断谁是先行词，再看关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，最后确定正确答案。
二、倒装句中考查定语从句
2. We came to a place， ________ stood a big tower.
A. whichB. thatC. /D. where
【解析】正确答案是D。为了保持句子平衡，句子用了倒装语序。倒装的使用使定语从句的结构变得较为特殊，因此对于使用倒装语序的定语从句，应先把倒装语序还原成正常语序，这样句子结构就比较清晰了。
三、 拆分词组和固定搭配
3. The second is connected with the use ________ the body makes of food.
A. of whichB. whereC. to doD. that
4. Why can’t you realize the part ________ they have played in our life?
A. whichB. on whichC. whenD. where
【解析】正确答案分别是D和A。一些词组和搭配被拆开后，句子的含义就变得难以理解。首先把拆开的词组复原是理解此类定语从句的关键。上述句子中包含以下词组：make use of， play a part (in)。
四、添加插入语或状语
5. The scientist has made another discovery， _______ I belie ve is of great importance.
A. thatB. /C. whichD. why
【解析】应选择C。这类句子主要利用插入语或状语的添加来增加试题的难度。常见的插入语有：I think (suppose， expect， believe， imagine)， in my opinion， to tell you the truth等。做这类题目时，最佳的办法是先删去插入语或状语，这样句子的主干部分就一目了然了。
五、插入非谓语动词
6. Is this the man ________ you want to have ________
the radio for me?
A. who;repairedB. that;repaired
C. whom;repairing D. that;repair
【解析】D项正确。非谓语动词是英语中难度较大的语法项目之一，因而在定语从句中加入非谓语动词就成了学生最易失分的题目。对付这类题目最有效的办法就是将句子还原。如：我们可以把几个句子中的定语从句进行还原，还原后的句子应是：You want to have the man repair the radio for me.
典型高考英语陷阱题详解
1. The factory was built in a secret place, around ______ high mountains.
A. which was B. it was C. which were D. them were
【陷阱】容易误选A或B，将A 、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。
【分析】最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一 个由"介词+which"引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was.请做以下类例题目(答案均为C)：
(1) Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _______ some fruit shops.
A. which is B. it is C. which are D. them are
(2) The murder happened in an old building, beside ______ the city police station.
A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are
(3) Next month we'll move to a new building, next to _______ a nice restaurant where we can have Chinese food.
A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are
2. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, "Is there a hospital around ______ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?"
A. that B. which C. where D. what
【陷阱】容易误选 B，认为 around 是介词，选 which 用以代替前面的名词 hospital，在此用作介词 around 的宾语。
【分析】最佳答案为C。以上语法分析并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个医院，我在它的附近可以买药治我的手伤?这样的语境显然有点不合情理，因为人们通常是在医院里面治伤，而不是在医院附近治伤。此题选 C 的理由是：句中的 around 不是介词，而是副词，意为"在附近";其后的 where 引导定语从句用以修饰其前的地点名词 hospital，句意为：附近有没有一家医院，我可以去治我的手伤?
3. _____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
【陷阱】容易误选 A，认为此处应填一个形式主语。
【分析】最佳答案是 B。as 引导的是一个非限制性定语从句。比较下面一题：
_______ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
此题答案选 A，it 为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的 that 从句。
再比较下面一组题，其中第(1)题选 B，第(2)题选 D：
(1) ______ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior school is increasing.
A. Which B. As C. That D. It
(2) ______ is mentioned above that the number of the students in senior school is increasing.
A. Which B. As C. That D. It
4. David is such a good boy _______ all the teachers like.
A. that B. who C. as D. whom
【陷阱】此题容易误选A，许多同学一看到题干中的such，再联系到选项中的 that，便认为这是考查such ... that ...句式。况且，这样理解意思也还通顺。
【分析】最佳答案为C，不是A，因为在such ... that ... (如此......以至......)结构中，that 引导的是结果状语从句，并且 that 在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入 such ... that ...，句末的动词 like 缺宾语。选C的理由如下：as 用作关系代词，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词 boy，同时 as 在定语从句中用作动词 like 的宾语，句意为"所有老师都喜欢的一位好男孩"。有的同学可能还会问，假若选A，能否将其后的 that 视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢?不能，因为当先行词受到 such 的修饰时，其后的定语从句应用关系代词 as 来引导，而不用that.比较下面一题，答案为A，因为 like 后有自己的宾语 him：
David is such a good boy _______ all the teachers like him.
A. that B. who C. as D. whom
请再做以下试题(答案选D)：
It was not such a good dinner _______ she had promised us.
A. like B. that C. which D. as
5. The buses, most of _______ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.
A. that B. it C. them D. which
【陷阱】容易误选 C，用 them 代指 the buses.
【分析】最佳答案是D。most of which were already full 为非限制性定语从句，修饰 the buses.类似地，以下各题也选D：
(1) His house, for _______ he paid , 000, is now worth , 000.
A. that B. it C. them D. which
(2) Ashdown forest, through _______ we'll be driving, isn't a forest any longer.
A. that B. it C. them D. which
(3) This I did at nine o'clock, after _______ I sat reading the paper.
A. that B. it C. them D. which
类似地，以下各题选 whom，不选 them：
(4) George, with _______ I played tennis on Sundays, was a warm-hearted person.
A. that B. him C. them D. whom
(5) Her sons, both of ______ work abroad, will come back home this summer.
A. that B. who C. them D. whom
(6) I met the fruit-pickers, several of _______ were still university students.
A. that B. who C. them D. whom
6. He had thousands of students, many of ______ gained great success in their own field.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
【陷阱】容易误选 B，用 them 代指 students.
【分析】最佳答案是A，many of whom gained great success in their own field 为非限制性定语从句。假若在many of... 的前面加上连词and，则选答案B。比较以下各题(答案均选A)：
(1) He asked a lot of questions, none of ______ was easy to answer.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
(2) He asked a lot of questions, and none of ______ was easy to answer.
A. them B. which C. what D. that
(3) He told me that he had two girl-friends, neither of _______ knew anything about the other.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
(4) He told me that he had two girl-friends, and neither of _______ knew anything about the other.
A. them B. whom C. which D. who
7. He had a lot of friends, only a few of ______ invited to his wedding.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
【陷阱】容易误选 A，认为这是非限制性定语从句。
【分析】最佳答案是B，这不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 invited 并不是一个完整的谓语，而是一个过去分词。当然，假若在 invited 前加上助动词 were，则是一个非限制性定语从句，答案便应选A.比较：
(1) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _______ carried out in their work.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
答案选B，none of them carried out in their work 是独立主格结构，其中的 carried out 为过去分词。
(2) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _______ were carried out in their work.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
答案选A，none of them were carried out in their work 是非限制性定语从句，注意与上例比较句中多了一个助动词were.
(3) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, but none of _______ were carried out in their work.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
答案选B，由于两句之间增加了一个并列连词but，使得该句成了一个并列句。
8. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents seated together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
【陷阱】容易误选B，认为这是非限制性定语从句。
【分析】最佳答案是A.与上面一题相似，their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 seated 不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为 seat 作动词用时，是及物动词。比较以下相似题：
(1) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents were seated together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选B. whose parents were seated together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为其后有完整的谓语 were seated.
(2) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, and _______ parents were seated together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选A.因为句中有并列连词and，整个句子为并列句。
(3) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents sitting together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选A. their parents sitting together joking 为独立主格结构。
(4) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents sat together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选B. whose parents sat together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语 sat.
(5) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents were sitting together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选B. whose parents were sitting together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语 were sitting.
9. If the man is only interested in your looks, _____ just shows how shallow he is.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
【陷阱】容易误选A或B，误这是非限制性定语从句。
【分析】正确答案为D，注意逗号前是一个条件状语从句，逗号后是该状语从句的主句，that 在此代表前文所述的情况，用作主句的主语。类似地，下面几道题也选 that，而不选 which：
(1) If you promise to go with us, _____ will be OK.
A. as B. which C. and it D. that
(2) If you want a double room, _____ will cost another ￡15.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
(3) Whether you go or not, _______ is quite all right with me.
A. that B. which C. and it D. so
(4) When I say two hours, _____ includes time for eating.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
10. She says that she'll never forget the time ________ she's spent working as a secretary in our company.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
【陷阱】容易误选B，机械地认为时间名词后必须用关系副词when，地点名词后用关系副词 where.
【分析】正确答案为A.在时间名词和地点名词后是否用关系副词要看它在定语从句中充当什么句子成分。一般说来，若用作主语或宾语，用关系代词;若用作状语，则用关系副词。上面一题中的动词 spent 缺宾语，故应用关系代词 which或that.比较下面一题，由于空格后的句子不缺少主语或宾语，所以选关系副词when：
She says that she'll never forget the time ________ she works as a secretary in our company.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
请再做一组试题(答案均选A)：
(1) Our company will move to a tall building _______ we bought last month.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
选A，which 在定语从句中用作动词 bought 的宾语。
(2) Our company will move to a tall building _______ has just been complete.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
选A，which 在定语从句中用作主语。
(3) Our company will move to a tall building _______ we worked two years ago.
A. where B. when C. that D. which
选A，where 在定语从句中用作状语。
【高考真题剖析】
(2011?江苏卷)24.Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _____ the audience can buy ice-cream.
A.When B.Where C.that D.which
答案【A】考查定语从句。非限定性定语从句____ the audience can buy ice-cream.中不缺少成分，先行词an interval表时间，所以选择A。
(2011?浙江卷)8.English is a language shared by several diverse cultures ,each of____ uses it somewhat differently .
A.which B.what C.them D.those
答案【A】考查定语从句。非限定性定语从句each of____ uses it somewhat differently .中介词of后缺少宾语。所以选择A。
(2010重庆)28. In china, the number of cities is increa sing ________development is recognized across the world.
A. where B. which C. whose D. that
答案【C】考查定语从句。development与先行词cities之间是所属关系，所以选whose。句意是：在中国，城市的数量在增加，城市的发展被全世界意识到。所以选择C。
(10福建)24. Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet life has developed gradually.
A. that B. where C. which D. whose24. 答案：B
考点：定语从句
解析：先行词为planet，表示地点，故用where。
(10湖南) 28. I've become good friends with several of the students in my school I met in the English speech contest last year.
A. who B. where C. when D. which
28. 答案：A
考点：考查定语从句。
解析：该空引导定语从句修饰表示人的先行词the students，且在从句中作met的宾语，故选关系代词who，即A项。
(10江西) 31 The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister ______ she would stay for an hour.
A where B who C which D what
答案：A
考点：考察定语从句。
解析：先行词为centre, she would stay for an hour 不缺宾语或主语, 故要填状语, 表地点用where。
(10山东)24. That’s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen.
A. that B. which C. whose D. What
答案：C
考点：本题考查定语从句的引导词。
解析：句意应为“那就是那台零部件小得几乎看不见的新机器。”空格处引导定语从句并且在从句中作定语使用，所以使用whose。
38. Wind power is an ancient source of energy we may return in the near future.
A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which
答案：C
考点：此处考查的是介词加疑问词引导从句
解析：考察介词+which的用法。=Wind power is an ancient source of energy whichthat
we may return to in the near future.
(10天津)8. Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?
You should try the barber’s I go. It’s only 15.
A. as B. which C. where D. that
答案：C.
考点：考查定语从句。
句意：—你能相信我理一次发得花20美元吗?—你应该到我去的那家理发店试试，只需要15美元。
解析：句中the barber’s 是先行词，从句中go 是不及物动词，所选关系代词在从句中作状语，所以要用where。
(10四川)10.After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling， turned out to be a wise decision.
A.that B.which C.when D.where
答案：B
考点：考查定语从句。
解析：此处应为which引导的非限制性定语从句，which代替前边整个句子。句意为：“大学毕业后，我们休假一段时间去旅游，这结果证明是一个明智的决定。”
(10全国Ⅰ)24. As a child , Jack studied in a village school ,_____ is named after his grandfather.
A. which B. where C. what D. that
24题 答案：A
句意：还是孩子的时候，Jack 在以他祖父命名的乡村学校学习。
解答：根据选项此题考察从句，空格设置在名词school后，且school后有逗号，此题考察非限定性定语从句。定语从句所修饰的先行词是school，它在定于从句中做主语，因此使用关系代词，选项中的关系代词只有which和that，由于是非限定性定语从句，不能使用that，因此选择A。
(10江苏)32. The newly built café, the walls of_______ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, specially after hard work.
A. that B. it C. what D. which
选D定语从句表示咖啡屋的墙
(陕西)11. The old temple _______ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair.
A. where B. which C. its D . Whose
11. 答案：D.
考点：考查定语从句。[来源:学*科*网Z*X*X*K]
解析：所填词引导定语从句，先行词是the old temple，关系词在从句中做roof的定语，用关系代词whose，选D。其余选项与题意不符。
(10全国Ⅱ)16. I refuse to accept the blame for something ________was someone else’s fault.
A. who B. that C. as D. what[来源:Zxxk.Com]
答案：B
考点：定语从句。
解析：不定代词something作主语，用that引导。
(10湖北)77. My mother was so proud of all ________(我所做的)that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing. (do)
77. 答案：that I had done
考点：定语从句
解析：先行词是 “all”的时候，定语从句只能由 “that”引导，又因为主句是一般过去时，“我”所做的事情是过去已经完成的事情，所以要用过去完成时。
80. ________(正如我们强调的那样)many times, “serve the people” is our first policy. (stress)
80. 答案：As we have stressed
考点：非限定性定语从句
解析：当句子以整个主句作为先行词，又放在主句前的非限定性定语从句只能由 “as”来引导，主句的内容作定语从句谓语动词的宾语
(北京)27. Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
A. what B. whose C. which D. that
27. 答案：B
考点: 本题考查定语从句关系副词的选择。
解析：不爱运动或者饮食热量偏高的孩子们会很快发胖。较简单。本定语从句不缺成分，为主系表结构，因此只能在考虑填关系副词。A中的What不能引导定语从句。选B. whose谁的，符合题意。
(重庆)28. In china, the number of cities is increasing ________development is recognized across the world.
A. where B. which C. whose D. that
28. 答案C
考点：考查定语从句。
解析： development与先行词cities之间是所属关系，所以选whose。句意是：在中国，城市的数量在增加，城市的发展被全世界意识到。
(10浙江)3.The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of left their village home s for a better life in the city.
A.whom B.which C.them D.those
答案：A
考点：本题考查定语从句引导词。
解析：由many之后的逗号和选项特征，此处是主从句关系，排除C、D项。由于先行词是“1,000 people”，表示人，故用whom。句意为：这里居住着将近1000人，他们中的许多人都背井离乡去城市追求更好的生活。
真题练习
(09安徽)1. A good friend of mine from I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing.
A. how B. whom
C. when D. which
【答案】C
(09安徽)2. Many children， parents are away working in big cities，are taken good care of in the village.
A. their B. whose
C. of them D. with whom
【答案】B
(09北京)3. —What do you think of teacher ,Bob?
—I find it fun and challenging. It is a job ___ you are doing something serious but interesting .
A. where B. which C. when D. that
【答案】B
(09福建)4. It’s helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently.
A. that B. when C. which D. where
【答案】D 考查定语从句。先行词是situation，指物，亦可指地点，关系词在从句中做地点状语，用关系副词where，选D。
(09湖南)5.I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind.
A. which B. of which C. that D. whose
【答案】D 考查定语从句。先行词在定语从句中充当定语，意思为这个城市的名字。
(09江西)6. The house I grew up ________ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.
A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which
【答案】B 考查定语从句。The house ( which / that I grew up in ) , 主语后面紧跟的是定语从句。
(09海南)7. She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before.
A. them B. who
C. whom D. these
【答案】C。 考查定语从句中的非限制性定语从句。句意为：她带着她的三个朋友，他们三个中没有一个人我曾见过。表示“部分的词语+of+关系代词” 在非限制性定语从句指人只能用whom。
(09山东)8. Whenever I met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.
A. who B. which C. when D. that
【答案】B非限制性定语从句，指代前面一个句子，故用which.
(09陕西)9. Gun control is a subject Americans have argued for a long time.
A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which
【答案】C 考查定语从句，先行词是Gun control，指物，关系词在从句中做介词的宾语，介词前置，介词与从句动词构成搭配argue about sth，选C。
(09四川)10. She’ll never forget her stay there ________ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
【答案】D 考查定语从句的用法。her stay为先行词，可以理解为抽象的一段时间(她呆在那里期间)，when指代her stay在定语从句中做时间状语。
(09天津)11. A person ______ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever[来源:Z_xx_k.Com]
【答案】C
(09天津)12 I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day, _____ do many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin.
A. as B. which C. when D. though
【答案】A
(09浙江)13.I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
A. which B. where C. how D. why
【答案】B
(09重庆)14. Life is like a long race _____we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
A. why B. what
C. that D. where
【答案】D
(09全国2 )15. My friend showed me round the town, was very kind of him.
A. which B. that C. where D. it
【答案】A 考查非限制性定语从句(这儿的which指代前面整句话内容。
(2011全国卷I) 31.The prize will go to the writer ________ story shows the most imagination.
A.that B.which C.whose D.what
(2011全国卷II)7.Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, ____ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
A.this B.that C.what D.which
(2011北京卷)26.Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _________, of course, make all the others upset.
A.who B.which C.what D.that
(2011上海卷) 39.You’ll find taxis waiting at the bus station ____ you can hire to reach your host family.
A.which B.where C.when D.as
(2011山东卷)32.The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other.
A.they B.where C.what D.that
(2011江西卷)34.She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _____had taken more than three years.
A.for which B.with which C.of which D.to which
(2011江苏卷)24.Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _______ the audience can buy ice-cream.
A.when B.where C.that D.which
(2011安徽卷)28.Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _____ it will keep for two or three weeks.
A.when B.which C.where D.while
(2011浙江卷)8.English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ____ uses it somewhat differently.
A.which B.what C.them D.those
(2011浙江卷)10.A bank is the place ______ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.
A.when B.that C.where D.there
(2011福建卷)24.She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ____ allows them to communicate freely with each other.
A.whic h B.where C.what D.who
(2011四川卷)17.The school shop, ________ customers are mainly students, is closed few the holidays.
A.which B.whose C.when D.where
(2011天津卷)10.The days are gone ________ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
A.when B.that C.where D.which
(2011陕西卷)11.I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, __________ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.
A.which B.where C.who D.that
(2011湖南卷)25.Julie was good at German, French and Russian , all of _________ she spoke fluently.
A.who B.whom C.which D.that
【巩固练习】
1. Don’t talk about such things of __________ you are not sure.
A. which B. what
C. as D. those
2.Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day?
A. that B. where
C. in which D. the one
3.Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?
A. that B. where
C. which D. the one
4.Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago?
A. that B. where
C. which D. the one
5.The wolves hid themselves in the places __________ couldn’t be found.
A. that B. where
C. in which D. in that
6.The freezing point is the temperature __________ water changes into
ice.
A. at which B. on that
C. in which D. of what
7.This book will show you __________ can be used in other contexts..
A. how you have observed B. what you have observed
C. that you have observed D. how that you have observed
8. The reason is __________ he is unable to operate the machine.
A. because B. why
C. that D. whether
9. I’ll tell you __________ he told me last week.
A. all which B. that
C. all that D. which
10. That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old.
A. whose B. of which
C. in which D. on which
11. I have bought the same dress __________ she is wearing.
A. as B. that
C. which D. what
12. He failed in the examination, __________ made his father very angry.
A. which B. it
C. that D. what
13. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist __________ were in the concert we attended last night.
A. which B. whom
C. who D. that
14. The girl __________ an English song in the next room is Tom’s sister.
A. who is singing B. is singing
C. sang D. was singing
15. Those __________ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
A. learn B. who
C. that learns D. who learn
16. Anyone __________ this opinion may speak out.
A. that against B. that against
C. who is against D. who are against
17. Didn’t you see the man __________?
A. I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now
C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now
18. Can you lend me the novel __________ the other day?
A. that you talked B. you talked about it
C. which you talked with D. you talked about
19. Is there anything __________ to you?
A. that is belonged B. that belongs
C. that belong D. which belongs
20. ---- “How do you like the book?”
---- “It’s quite different from __________ I read last month.”
A. that B. which
C. the one D. the one what
21. Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except __________ who had already taken them.
A. the ones B. ones
C. some D. the others
22. The train __________ she was travelling was late.
A. which B. where
C. on which D. in that
23. He has lost the key to the drawer __________ the papers are kept.
A. where B. in which
C. under which D. which
24. Antarctic __________ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round.
A. which B. where
C. that D. about which
25. It’s the third time __________ late this month.
A. that you arrived B. when you arrived
C. that you’ve arrived D. when you’ve arrived
26. It was in 1969 __________ the American astronaut succeeded in
landing on the moon.
A. that B. which
C. when D. in which
27. May the fourth is the day __________ we Chinese people will never
forget.
A. which B. when
C. on which D. about which
28. We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, __________ live my grandparents and some relatives.
A. which B. that
C. who D. where
29. The hotel __________ during our holidays stands by the seaside.
A. we stayed at B. where we stayed at
C. we stayed D. in that we stayed
30. Is it in that factory __________ “Red Flag” cars are produced?
A. in which B. where
C. which D. that
31. It is the Suez Canal __________ separates Asia __________ Africa.
A. which, to B. where, from
C. that, from D. that, with
32. Under the bridge, however, almost directly below, __________ was a small canoe, with a boy in it.
A. there B. where
C. it D. which
33. He is not __________ a fool __________.
A. such, as he is looked B. such, as he looks
C. as, as he is looked D. so, as he looks
34. Is that the reason __________ you are in favour of the proposal?
A. which B. what
C. why D. for that
35. He must be from Africa, __________ can be seen from his skin.
A. that B. as
C. who D. what
36. He has two sons, __________ work as chemists.
A. two of whom B. both of whom
C. both of which D. all of whom
37. I, __________ your good friend, will try my best to help you out.
A. who is B. who am
C. that is D. what is
38. He is a man of great experience, __________ much can be learned.
A. who B. that
C. from which D. from whom
39. ---- Do you know the town at all?
---- No, this is the first time I __________ here.
A. was B. have been
C. came D. am coming
40. I don’t like __________ you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that
C. the way which D. the way of which
41. The two things __________ they felt very proud are Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair.
A. about which B. of which
C. in which D. for which
42. The dinner was the most expensive meal we __________.
A. would have B. have had
C. had never had D. had ever had
43. Do you know which hotel __________?
A. she is staying B. she is staying in
C. is she staying D. is she staying in
44. There is only one thing __________ I can do.
A. what B. that
C. all D. which
45. Who can think of a situation __________ this idiom can be used?
A. which B. that
C. where D. in that
46. I have many books, some of __________ are on chemistry.
A. them B. that
C. which D. those
47. They were interested __________ you told them.
A. in which B. in that
C. all that D. in everything
48. The astronaut did many experiments in the spaceship, __________ much help for knowing space.
A. which we think it is B. which we think are of
C. of which we think is D. I think which is of
49. The great day we looked forward to __________ at last.
A. come B. came
C. coming D. comes
50. I like the second football match __________ was held last week.
A. which B. who
C. that D. /
参考答案：
1—5 AADBA 6—10 ABCCA 11—15 AADAD
16—20 CDDBC 21—25 ACBDC 26—30 AADAD
31—35 CABCB 36—40 BBDBA 41—45 BDBBC
46—50 CDBBC
高三英语教案：《互动探究·能力备考》教学设计
Ⅰ.词汇短语过关
1．diet n．日常饮食 vi. 节食 a diet of sth. 多得令人生厌的事物
be/go on a diet put sb. on a diet用规定的食谱，控制饮食
[即学即练1] (1)___________________________ is not good for you
.太油腻的食物对你不利。
(2)The doctors all suggest I _______________________ .医生们都建议我节食。
Too rich a diet go on a diet
比较：diet 既可指习惯上常用的食品，又可指规定的食物，特指维持健康的定质定量的食物；food是“食物”的一般用语，指任何能吃的且有营养的东西。
2．balance vt.&vi.&n.平衡 balance the good and evil of things
balanced adj. 平稳的，安定的，和谐的 in the balance 悬而未决
the balance of forces 力量对比 out of balance 失去平衡
keep one's balance 保持平衡，保持镇静 lose one's balance 失去平衡，失去镇静
throw sb. off the balance 使某人失去平衡，使某人慌乱
权衡事物的好坏两方面
[即学即练2](1)We must ______________ the good and evil of things.
我们必须权衡事物的好坏两个方面。
(2)The acrobat __________________ on the high rope.
杂技演员在高处的绳子上使自己保持平衡。
(3)It is difficult to __________________________ on an icy pavement.
人行道上结了冰，要想不摔倒可不容易。
(4)How long can you _______________ on one foot?你能单脚站立多久？
Balance balanced himself keep one’s balance balance
3．lie n．谎话；谎言 vt.&vi.说谎；躺，处于(某位置)
tell a lie/lies 说谎?[反]tell the truth 说实话
a white lie 善意的谎言 a big lie 弥天大谎 There lies... 某地有……
lie to sb.向某人撒谎 lie in 在于；处于
lie down 躺下；屈服 lie on one's side/back/stomach 侧卧/仰卧/俯卧
提示：易混词形变化：
lie撒谎→lied→lied 躺→lay→lain→lying lay 放；产卵→laid→laid→laying
[即学即练3](1)The boy must be a spy and was __________________.
这男孩子一定是个间谍且在说谎。
(2)You are ______ and lies cannot cover up facts.你在说谎，但谎言掩盖不了事实。
(3)He was ______ in the shade of the tree.他正躺在树荫下。
(4)The factory ____________ the west of the town. 工厂在镇的西边。
telling a lie lying lying lies to
(5)Don't ______ your coat on the bed.不要把你的外衣放在床上。
(6)Birds, fishes, and insects ____________________.鸟下蛋，鱼和昆虫产卵。
Lay lay eggs
4．consult vt.&vi. 向……咨询；查阅
consultant n．会诊医生；顾问 consulting adj. 咨询的；顾问的
consult sb. about sth. 向某人请教某事 consult a book (a dictionary )查书(字典)
consult with sb. 同某人商量 a consulting engineer 顾问工程师
[即学即练4](1)You'd better ______ a doctor ______ your illness.
你最好找医生咨询一下你的病情。
(2)Before a decision has been made, you'd better __________________.
在作决定之前，最好找你父亲商量一下。
(3)When you take a geography exam, you may __________________.
参加地理考试时，你可以查阅地图。
(4)He is ________________________ his advisor.他正同他的顾问磋商事情。
Consult about consult your father consult a map consulting with
5．limit n．界限；限度 v．限制；限定
limited adj. 有限的 limitation n. 限制；限制条件，不足之处
go beyond/over the limit 超过限度 within limits 在一定范围内；有限度的
within the limits of 在……的范围内 without limit 无限(制)地
set a limit to sth. 对……规定限度 be limited to sth. 受限制于……
limit sth. to sth. 把……限定在……的范围内
[即学即练5](1)I've ____________________ 1 000 calories a day to try to lose weight.
我试着减肥，限定自己每天摄入1 000卡的热量。
(2)A wise man knows his own ______________.人贵有自知之明。
(3)As we all know, a person's life is ______， but knowledge is _________________.
＝As we all know, there is ____________________ a person's life but ____________________ knowledge.
我们都知道，人的生命是有限的，而知识却是无限的。
limited myself to limitations limited unlimited
a limit to no limit to
6．benefit n．利益，实惠；优越性
vt.&vi.得益；使……受益 benefit sb./someplace 使某人/某地受益
benefit from/by sth. receive/gain benefit from sth.得益于某事
be of great/much benefit to sb.＝be very beneficial to sb. 对某人有好处
for the benefit of...为了帮助……；为了……的利益
[即学即练6](1)The new hospital will ________the entire community.
这所新医院将使整个社区受益。
(2)I __________ much ______ my father's advice.我从父亲的建议中获益颇多。
(3)Moderate exercise will be _______________________ you.适度运动对你有很多益处。
(4)She went there _______________________________ her health.
她为了健康而去了那里。
Benefit benefited from of much benefit to for the benefit of
7．combine vt. & vi. (使)联合；(使)结合 in combination with 与……联合起来
combination n. 结合；联合；化合(物) combine into... 联合成……
combine...with... 把……与……结合起来 a combination of... 一种……的结合(物)
[即学即练7](1)Some films _________ education ______ recreation.
有些电影把教育与娱乐结合起来。
(2)The two small shops _________ to make a large one.
这两个小店合并起来成为了一个大商店。
(3)Pink is ________________________ red and white.粉红色是红色与白色的混合色。
Combine with Combined a combination of
8．get away with 被放过；(做坏事)不受惩罚
get rid of 摆脱；除去 get about 走动；旅行；(消息等)传开来
get across (使)被理解；(把……)讲清楚 get down to doing sth. 开始认真地做某事
get on/along well with... 与……相处得好；进展得好
get away from 逃脱；离开 get down (从……)下来；写下；使沮丧
get in 收获；插话 get in touch with 与……取得联系
get into the habit of 染上……的习惯 get into trouble 陷入困境
get out (of...) (使)出去；离开；逃脱；摆脱
get over 爬过(墙等)；克服(困难等)；从……中恢复过来
get through 办完；花完(钱、时间等)；(使)通过；接通电话
[即学即练8](1)I won't have you _______________________ cheating in the exam.
我不能容忍你考试作弊而不受惩罚。
(2)He was so lucky to __________________________ only a fine for such a serious mistake.
他犯了如此严重的错误，侥幸只被罚款了事。
(3)How can I _________________________________ the flies in the kitchen？
我怎样才能把厨房里的苍蝇消灭掉？
(4)He's not very good at __________ his ideas _________.
他不太善于清楚地表达自己的思想。
getting away with get away with
get rid of getting across
9．in debt负债 get/run into debt陷入债务
be in heavy debt负债累累 be in debt to sb.欠某人债
pay off all the debts还清债务(动作) be out of debt不欠债(状态)
[即学即练9](1)In my opinion, the elegant woman with long hair can’t have been _______________________.在我看来，那位优雅的长发女士不可能负债累累。
(2)Being __________________________ makes Tom a light mood
还清了债务使得汤姆心情轻松。
(3)The couple worked hard day and night in order to ____________________________________________.
为了还清所有的债务，这对夫妇夜以继日地拼命干活。
in heavy debt out of debt
pay off all their debts
10．cut down 砍倒，使倒下；削减，压缩；减价
[即学即练10](1)He used to _______________ trees, but he plants trees now.
他过去砍树，而现在植树。
(2)I have to __________________________.我得少抽烟。
(3)AIDS __________________________ at an early age.艾滋病较早地夺去了他的生命。
(4)He was asking 0 for the vase, but I ____________________________________ .
这个花瓶要价100美元，但我砍到了75美元。
cut down cut down smoking
cut him down cut him down to
拓展：cut across走捷径，穿过去 cut in插话；让某人分享利润 cut off中止，切断；隔绝 cut out删除；裁剪
cut up劈碎，切碎；使难过；(严重地)割伤
cut short突然停止，中断(活动) cut through穿过；克服；避开；剪断
Ⅱ.重点句型详解
1．Nothing could be better... 再没有比这更好的了……
此句中形容词(或副词)的比较级 better与否定词 nothing连用，表达最高级的含义。常用的否定词有 no, not, never, nothing, nobody, hardly等与比较级连用，表示最高级的含义。
①I think nothing is more pleasant than travelling.我想没有什么比旅行更令人愉快的了。
②Nobody loves money better than he.没人比他更贪财。
③—Did you sleep well last night? 你昨晚睡得怎样？
—Never better, like a rock. 从来没这么好过，像块石头。
拓展：下列结构也可表示最高级的含义：
(1)否定词＋so＋adj./adv.(原级)such＋adj.(原级)＋n.
(2)adj./adv.(比较级)＋than＋any other＋n. (单数) any of the other＋n. (复数)
①You haven't done such a foolish thing!
你从没有做过这么傻的事！(这是你做过的最傻的事。)
②Bill runs faster than any other boy any of the other boys in his class.
在班里比尔跑得比别的男孩快。
[即境活用1] (1)(2008·海南东方模拟)—Did you listen to Mr Jackson's lecture?
—Yes, I have never heard a ______ one.
A．more exciting B．more excited C．most exciting D．most excited
解析：考查否定词与比较级连用表示最高级意义，即 never...a more exciting one。
答案：A
(2)(2009·河北唐山期末)—Who is your favourite basketball player in China?
—Yao Ming, of course. No one plays ______.
A．better B．best C．good D．well
解析：No one plays better. 意为“没有人(比他)打得更好”。 答案：A
2．He could not have Yong Hui getting away with telling people lies! 他不可能让咏慧哄骗人们后跑掉！
have sb. doing 在此表示“允许或容忍(某事物)发生”。此处的 have常用在否定句中，特别是用在 will not, cannot 等之后。
归纳：(1)have sb. do sth. “使某人做某事”，不定式做宾补省略 to，但其被动式(sb. be made to do sth.)不能省略 to。含此种“使得”意义的其他动词还有 make, let, lead, drive等，如： No one can have Tom do this. 没人能使汤姆做这件事。
(2)have sth. done 包含两层意思：一种是“请别人做某事”；另一种为“承担外界或别人做某事的后果”。
(3)have sb. (sth.) doing 有两层含义：一种是“使……处于某种状态或作出某种反应”；另一种是“允许、听任某种事情发生”，这种用法一般用于否定句中。
(4)have sth. to do 意为“有某事要做”，have 意为“有，拥有”。不定式 to do是宾语 sth.的定语，句子的主语是不定式动作的执行者。如果是 to be done做定语时，说明该不定式是由别人发出的。
①It is rude of you to speak to Father like that and I won't have you speaking to Father like that in future.
那样跟父亲说话很粗鲁，今后我不会再容忍你那样跟父亲说话。
②He had his audience listening attentively.他吸引住了听众的注意力。
③No one can have me leave the office.没有人能使我离开办公室。
④She had her bag stolen.她的包被偷了。
⑤I have some letters to type.我有些信要打。(“我”自己动手打)
⑥I have some letters to be typed.我有几封信需要打。(需要找别人打)
[即境活用2] (1)We can't have people ______ late all the time.
A．arrive B．to arrive C．arriving D．arrived
解析：用于否定句中 can't have sb. doing 意为“不能允许……”。答案：C
(2)Is this TV set ______ you wish to have ______？
A．the one; repaired B．which; it repaired
C．the one; it repaired D．which; repaired
解析：第一空填 the one做先行词，其后为省略 which的定语从句，且 which在从句中做 have的宾语，故选A。
(3)—Mr Smith, do you have something ______ at this moment?
—No, thanks. I'll call you if any.
A．to be typed B．to type C．typed D．typing答案：A
解析：考查 have something to be done结构，因为不定式的主语不是句子主语 you。
3．Why_don't_you sit down and try a meal? 你为什么不坐下来吃顿饭呢？
Why don't you...？＝Why not do...？为什么不……？(表示建议)
①Why don't you have a try once again?＝Why not have a try once again?
为什么不再试一下呢？
②Why don't you call him right now?＝Why not call him right now?
为什么不立刻给他打个电话？
拓展：向别人提建议也可以用：
(1)had better do... 最好做…… (2)Let's do..., shall we? 让我们做……，好吗？
(3)I advise you (not) to do... 我劝你(别)做……
(4)I suggest that you (not) do... 我建议你(别)做……
(5)Can't we do...? 难道我们不可以做……吗？
(6)What/How about doing...? 做……怎么样？
(7)Will you please do...? 请你做……好吗？
(8)Would you like/love to do...? 你愿意做……吗？
(9)I wonder if you should do... 我想知道你是不是应该做……
(10)Shall we do...? 我们做……好吗？
[即境活用3] —It's a long time since I saw my sister.
—______ her this weekend?
A．Why not visit B．Why not to visit C．Why not visiting D．Why don't visit
解析：Why not do...？＝Why don't you do...? 意为：“为什么不……呢？”用于提出建议。
答案：A
易 错 点 拨 自我完善·误区备考
1. strength/force/energy/power
(1)strength 指固有的潜力。说人时，指“力气”；说物时，指“强度”。也可指“强项，长处”。
(2)force 主要指自然界的力量，暴力，势力以及法律、道德或感情的力量，军事的力量
(3)energy 主要指人的精力或自然界的能量。
(4)power 主要指做一件事所依靠的能力、功能；也可指人或机器等事物潜在的或所能发挥出来的力量；还可指职权、权力或政权。
[应用1] 用 energy/power/force和 strength 填空。
(1)Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of __________.
(2)The party came to __________ at the last election.
(3)Gandi insisted on winning independence by peaceful struggles, not by ___________.
(4)Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his ___________.
Energy power force strength
2. join/combine/unite/connect
(1)join 侧重把原来不相连接的事物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。短语：join up联合起来；join...to/and...连接。
(2)combine 指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。短语： combine with 与……结合。
(3)unite 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。
(4)connect 指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。短语：connect...to/with 与……相连；be connected with与……有关系。
[应用2] 用 join, combine, unite, connect的恰当形式填空。
(1)__________， we'll stand; divided, we'll die.
(2)Efforts and confidence _________ to make a full man.
(3)This path __________ the highway up ahead.
(4)This railway ____________ London and Edinburgh.
United combine joins connects
3. glare/glance/stare/gaze/glimpse
(1)glare侧重含有敌对情绪的“怒视”。(2)glance指快速地“一扫”“一瞥”。
(3)stare指睁大眼睛出神地看或注视，凝视，多出于惊讶、好奇、羡慕等，有时是粗鲁无礼的。(4)gaze多指由于喜爱、憧憬或快乐而长时间无意识地注视。
(5)glimpse无意识地一瞥，看到粗略印象，强调结果。
[应用3] (1)The policeman ____________ the thief as he drove past.
(2)They ___________ at each other for a long time, after the quarrel.
(3)It’s impolite to ___________ at foreign guests in the street.
(4)He __________ at her and left hurriedly.
(5)The girl likes lying on her back and __________ at the stars above.
Glimpsed glared stare glanced gazing
高 效 作 业 自我测评·技能备考
Ⅱ .单项选择
1．(2010·山东潍坊质量监测)—Why do you eat all the vegetables but leave ______ meat untouched?
—I'm on ______ diet.
A．a; the B．the; / C．/; a D．the; a
解析：考查冠词。——你为什么吃了所有的蔬菜而不动肉呢？——我在节食。第一空特指双方都知道的“meat”，故用the；第二空on a diet“节食”，是固定搭配。答案：D
2．To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their ______ and weaknesses.
A．strengths B．benefits C．techniques D．values
解析：考查名词辨析。由题意知 weakness 的反义词是 strength，指“强项”。 答案：A
3．(2010·福建六校三联)Even if the treatment ______， there's still no magic pill for patients in the late stage of AIDS.
A．does B．uses C．works D．helps
解析：考查动词辨析。work“起作用，生效”，符合语意：尽管治疗起作用了，对于晚期的艾滋病患者来说还是没有什么特效药。答案：C
4．Once you have decided to buy an expensive article, you had better______an expert on it.
A．ask B．advise C．consult D．find
解析：句意为“一旦你决定买件贵重物品，你最好找这方面的专家咨询一下”。consult sb. 意为“向某人请教”。其他选项不符合语境。答案：C
5．A large sum of money has been raised for the ______of the poorly－educated children in the mountainous districts.
A．profit B．favor C．advantage D．benefit
解析：for the benefit of...“为了……的利益/好处”，是固定搭配。答案：D
6．You'd better ______ your expenses on clothes.
A．cut up B．cut down C．cut off D．cut out
解析：表示“削减花费/开销”，用 cut down。答案：B
7．A harmonious society is like a symphony orchestra－each person contributes a small sound, but when ______ with other sounds, it becomes beautiful music.
A．combining B．being combined C．combined D．to be combined
解析：考查非谓语动词。当状语从句的主语与主句中的主语一致且谓语中含有be动词时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词，本句完整形式应为when it is combined...。
答案：C
8．The child should be punished. You shouldn’t let him ______ telling lies.
A．keep away from B．keep away with
C．get away from D．get away with
解析：考查动词短语。句意为：这个孩子应该受到惩罚。你不应该让他逃脱撒谎受到的处罚。get away with “侥幸成功，逃脱处罚”；get away from “逃离”；keep away from “远离”。 答案：D
9．You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it ______ often enough.
A．explaining B．to explain C．explain D．explained
解析：本题中it指代the traffic rule，它与explain构成动宾关系，因此用过去分词做宾补。have sth. done让别人做某事。答案：D
10．What an unforgettable experience! I’ll write it down ______ it is still fresh in my memory.
A．since B．while C．after D．until
解析：句意：多么令人难忘的经历！趁记忆犹新，我要把它写下来。while引导时间状语从句。答案：B
11．There was an oil painting ______ in the corner. It ______ there for several days.
A．laying; had laid B．lain; had laid
C．lying; had lain D．laid; had been lain
解析：第一空填 lying表示“正处于某状态”；第二空填 had lain表示“已经处于该位置好几天答案：C
12．If you just spend time ______ advantages and disadvantages, you may get nothing in the end.
A．matching B．balancing C．observing D．examining
解析：balance advantages and disadvantages 意为“权衡利弊”。 答案：B
13．—The weather isn't good enough for an outing, isn't it?
—Not in the least. We can't have ______ at this time of the year.
A．a worse day B．a nicer day C．such bad a day D．so fine a day
解析：not in the least 相当于 not at all, 意为“根本不”。此题考查比较级的否定形式表达最高级的含义。B、D两项与题意不符；C项结构错误。答案：A
14．—Lucy doesn't mind lending you her dictionary.
—She ______. I've already borrowed one.
A．can't B．mustn't C．needn't D．shouldn't
解析：句意为：“Lucy不介意把词典借给你。”“她不必了。我已经借了一本了。”本题测试情态动词的用法。 needn't 不必(不需要)；can't 不能(不许)；mustn't 不行(禁止)；shouldn't 不该(责备) 答案：C。
15．—Why don't we hold a party to celebrate the achievements gained by our Olympic players?
—______
A．Because we haven't got enough preparations.
B．Good idea! C．It's all because of the terrible weather.
D．Not all would like to attend it.
解析：Why don't...？“为什么不……？”用于提出建议，故回答B项“好主意”。 答案：B
高三英语教案：《名词复习》教学设计
教案课件是老师需要精心准备的，规划教案课件的时刻悄悄来临了。只有规划好教案课件工作计划，才能规范的完成工作！你们了解多少教案课件范文呢？以下是小编收集整理的“高三英语教案：《名词复习》教学设计”，供您参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
本文题目：高三英语复习教案：名词复习教案
1、名词
名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个(些)人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1)个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2)集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3)物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4)抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：
名词 专有名词 不可数名词
普通名词 物质名词
抽象名词
集体名词
可数名词
个体名词
1.1 名词复数的规则变化
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps
浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。
如：two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos;
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes。
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs;
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。
1.3 名词复数的不规则变化
1) child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，
如an Englishman，two Englishmen。
但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2) 单复同形，
如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin
但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
3)集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：
people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4) 以s结尾，仍为单数的名
a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。
b. news 为不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6) 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes(各种)鱼。
1.4 不可数名词量的表示
1)物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。
比较：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)
These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。例如：
This factory produces steel. (不可数)
We need various steels. (可数)
c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如：
Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2) 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如：
four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一则建议。
1.5 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
1) 用复数作定语。例如：
sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系
2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如：
men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials
3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如：
goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产
customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷
4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如：
two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划
1.6 不同国籍人的单复数
国籍 总称(谓语用复数) 单数 复数
中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two Australians
俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美国人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
1.7 名词的格
英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：
1) 单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。
2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。
3) 凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。
5) 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有";只有一个's，则表示'共有'。例如：
John's and Mary's rooms(两间)John and Mary's room(一间)
6) 复合名词或短语， 's 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：a month or two's absence 2.
高三英语教案：《代词复习》教学设计
老师职责的一部分是要弄自己的教案课件，大家在认真准备自己的教案课件了吧。只有制定教案课件工作计划，才能对工作更加有帮助！你们知道多少范文适合教案课件？考虑到您的需要，小编特地编辑了“高三英语教案：《代词复习》教学设计”，大家不妨来参考。希望您能喜欢！
本文题目：高三英语语法复习教案：代词复习教案
一、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表：
数 单数 复数
格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格
第一人称 I me we us
第二人称 you you you you
第三人称 he him they them
she her they them
it it they them
例如：He is my friend. 他是我的朋友。
It's me. 是我。
二、 物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，其人物和数的变化见下表。
数 单数 复数
人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
形容词性物主代词 my your his/her/its our your their
名词性物主代词 mine yours his/hers/its ours yours theirs
例如： I like his car. 我喜欢他的小汽车。
Our school is here，and theirs is there. 我们的学校在这儿，他们的在那儿。
三、 指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this，that，these，those等。
例如：That is a good idea. 那是个好主意。
四、 表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我们自己"、"你们自己"和"他们自己"等的代词，叫做自身代词，也称为
"反身代词"。
例如：She was talking to herself. 她自言自语。
五、 表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other 和one another两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么大的区别。
例如：They love each other.他们彼此相爱。
六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代词，如anybody， something，no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但none和由some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。
例如：--- Do you have a car? --你有一辆小汽车吗?
--- Yes，I have one. --是的，我有一辆。
--- I don't know any of them. 他们，我一个也不认识。
七、 疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)
例如：Tell me who he is. 告诉我他是谁。
八、 关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、
表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(先行词)。
例如：He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人。
3.1 人称代词的用法
1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语。例如：
John waited a while but eventually he went home. 约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. 约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。
说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中。例如：
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语。
例如： I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。(her做宾语，them做介词宾语，her做主语补语)
a. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶?
b. -- Me. --我。(me做主语补语= It's me.)
说明：在上面两例句中，her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格，在正式文体中这里应为she和I。
3.2 人称代词之主、宾格的替换
1) 宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。
---- I like English. --我喜欢英语。
---- Me too. --我也喜欢。
---- Have more wine? --再来点酒喝吗?
---- Not me. --我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.
2) 主格代替宾格
a. 在介词but，except 后，有时可用主格代替宾格。
b. 在电话用语中常用主格。
---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。
---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。
注意：在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
I thought it was she. 我以为是她。(主格----主格)
I thought it to be her. (宾格----宾格)
I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。 (主格----主格)
They took me to be her. 他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)
3.3 代词的指代问题
1)不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one， 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可用he, his, him代替。
例如： Nobody came, did he? 谁也没来，是吗?
2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he, she，带有亲切的感情色彩。
例如： Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
3)指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。
3.4 并列人称代词的排列顺序
1)单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：第二人称-> 第三人称 -> 第一人称，即you-> he/she; it -> I。
例如：You, he and I should return on time.
2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：第一人称 -> 第二人称 -> 第三人称，即we ->you->they。
注意： 在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。
a. 在承认错误，承担责任时，
It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称，
如：I and you try to finish it. 我和你去弄好它。
c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时。
d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。
3.5 物主代词
1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用。例如：
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种，形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的--'s属格结构。例如：
Jack's cap 意为The cap is Jack's。
His cap 意为The cap is his。
2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能
a. 作主语。例如：
May I use your pen? Yours works better. 我可以用一用你的钢笔吗?你的比我的好用。
b. 作宾语。例如：
I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 我深爱我的祖国就像你深爱你的祖国一样。
c. 作介词宾语。例如：
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的去解释。
d. 作主语补语。例如：
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。
3.6 双重所有格
物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。公式为：a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。例如：a friend of mine, each brother of his.
3.7 .反身代词
1) 1) 列表
数 单数 复数
人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
人称代词 I you he/she/it we you they
反身代词 myself yourself yourself/herself/himself ourselves yourselves themselves
另外：one的反身代词为oneself
2)做宾语
a. 有些动词需有反身代词，如absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave等。例如：
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。
Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。
b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词，如take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth等。例如：
I could not dress(myself)up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
注：有些动词后不跟反身代词，如：get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。例如：
Please sit down. 请坐。
3) 用作表语，如结构be oneself。例如：
I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
4) 用作同位语
The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。
5) 在不强调的情况下，but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如：No one but myself(me)is hurt.
注意：
a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错) Myself drove the car.
(对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。
b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。例如：
Charles and myself saw it. 查尔斯和我看见了这件事。
3.8 相互代词
1)相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的。例如：
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
显而易见，不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。
2)相互代词的句法功能：
a. 作动词宾语;
People should love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。
b. 可作介词宾语;
Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
说明：传统语法认为，相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other， 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中，两组词交替使用的实例也很多。例如：
He put all the books beside each other/one another. 他把所有书并列摆放起来。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other. 这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
c. 相互代词可加-'s构成所有格。例如：
The students borrowed each other's notes. 学生们互借笔记。
3.9 指示代词
1) 指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式，既可作限定词又可做代词。例如：
单数 复数
限定词 This girl is Mary. Those men are my teachers.
代词 This is Mary. Those are my teachers.
2) 指示代词的句法功能;
a. 作主语。例如：
This is the way to do it. 这事儿就该这样做。
b. 作宾语。例如：
I like this better than that. 我喜欢这个甚至那个。
c. 作主语补语。例如：
My point is this. 我的观点就是如此。
d. 作介词宾语。例如：
I don't say no to that. 我并未拒绝那个。
There is no fear of that. 那并不可怕。
说明1：指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人。例如：
(对)That is my teacher. 那是我的老师。(that作主语，指人)
(对)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)
(错)He is going to marry this. (this作宾语时不能指人)
(对)I bought this. 我买这个。(this指物，可作宾语)
说明2：That和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较：
(对) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
(对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
(错) He admired that who danced well. (that作宾语时不能指人)
(对) He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)
(对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)
3.10 疑问代词
1) 疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用，用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个：
指人： who, whom, whose
指物： what
既可指人又可指物： which
2) 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前，没有性和数的变化，除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较：
疑问代词：Whose are these books on the desk? 桌上的书是谁的?
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion? 美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?
限定词：Whose books are these on the desk? 桌上的书是谁的?
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?
哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
说明1：无论是做疑问代词还是限定词，which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内。例如：
Which girls do you like best? 你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
What girls do you like best? 你喜欢什么样的姑娘?
说明2：Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom, 例如：
Who(m)did you meet on the street? 你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
Who(m) are you taking the book to? 你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语，置句首)
To whom did you speak on the campus? 你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语，置介词后，不能用who取代。)
说明3： 疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时，过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首，现代英语中，疑问代词在句首，介词在句末。例如：
For what do most people live and work? 大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)
What are you looking for? 你在找什么?(现代英语)
说明4： 疑问代词还可引导名词性从句。例如：
I can't make out what he is driving at. 我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed? 你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
你说的我大部分同意，但并不完全赞同。
3.11. 关系代词
1) 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。例如：
The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。
该句中whom既代表先行词the girl，又在从句中作介词to的宾语。
2) 关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中，that 可指人也可指物，见表：
指人 指物 指人或指物
主 格 who which that
宾 格 whom that that
属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose
例如：This is the pencil whose point is broken. 这就是那枝折了尖的铅笔。(whose 指物，在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。(which指物，在限定性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略)
说明：非限定性定语从句中，不能用that作关系代词。
3) 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子。例如：
He said he saw me there, which was a lie. 他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。
说明： 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。另外，关系代词that在从句中作表语时也可省略，例如：
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew. 我过去懂拉丁语，现在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was. 他变化很大，已不是过去的他了。
3.12 every , no, all, both, neither, nor
1)不定代词有all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。
2)不定代词的功能与用法
a. 除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词，也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。例如：
I have no idea about it. 我不知该咋办。
b. all 都，指三者以上。all 的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。例如：
All goes well. 一切进展得很好。
all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而说 the whole book。
但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如 all day，all night， all the year;但习惯上不说 all hour，all century。
all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如 all China，all the city，all my life，all the way
3)both 都，指两者。
a. both 与复数动词连用，但 both… and…可与单数名词连用。
b. both, all 都可作同位语，其位置在行为动词前， be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前。例如：
Who can speak Japanese? 谁能讲日本话?
We both(all)can. 我们都不会。
4)neither 两者都不
a. neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
b. 作定语与单数名词连用，但neither… nor 用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。
c. 可用于下列句型，避免重复。例如：
She can't sing，neither(can)he. 她不会唱歌，他也不会。
5)neither 与nor 的比较
a. 如前句是否定式从句，则主句用neither，而不用 nor。例如：
If you don't do it，neither should I. 如果你不干，我也不干。
b. 如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither。例如：
He can't sing，nor dance，nor skate. 他不会唱歌，不会跳舞，也不会滑冰。
3.13 none, few, some, any, one, ones
一、 none 无
1) none作主语，多与of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中，none可单独使用。例如：
Are there any pictures on the wall? 墙上有画吗?
None. 没。
2) none作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语，则其单复数与表语一致。例如：
It is none of your business. 闲事莫管。
二、few 一些，少数
few 作主语时，谓语动词用复数，多用于肯定句。
三、some 一些
1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
2) 当做"某一"解时，也可与单数名词连用。(= a certain)
You will be sorry for this some day. 总有一天，你会为此后悔的。
A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule. 有些人不同意你的看法。
注意：
(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。
(2)some用于其他句式中:
a.肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。
Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议。例如：
Would you like some coffee? 喝咖啡吗?
b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时。例如：
If you need some help，let me know. 需要帮助，跟我说。
c.some位于主语部分。例如：
Some students haven't been there before. 有些学生没去过那儿。
d.当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。例如：
I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years. 这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any 一些
1) any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。
当句中含有任何的意思时，any可用于肯定句。
Here are three novels. You may read any. 这有三本小说，你可任读一本。
五、one, 复数形式为ones
ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前，则用some, any，而不用ones。例如：
Have you bought any rulers? 买尺了吗?
Yes, I 've bought some. 买了，买了几把。
3.14 one，that 和it
one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it 与所指名词为同一个。例如：
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.( 同一物)我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
3.15 one/another/the other
one… the other 只有两个
some… the others 有三个以上
one… another，another…
some… others，others…
others = other people/things
the others = the rest 剩余的全部
1) 泛指另一个用another。
2) 一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。
3) 一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third。
4) 一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。
5) 泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。
3.16 “the”的妙用
He is one of the students who help me.
He is the one of the students who helps me. 他是帮我的学生之一。
第一句定语从句与the students 一致。
第二句定语从句与the one 一致。
3.17 anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each
1.anyone 和 any one
anyone仅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。
2.no one 和none
a) none 后跟of短语，既可指人又可指物，而no one只单独使用，只指人。
b) none 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。例如：
None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。
---- Did any one call me up just now? --刚才有人打电话给我吗?
---- No one. --没有。
3.every 和each
1) every 强调全体的概念， each强调个体概念。例如：
Every student in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。
Each student may have one book.. 每个学生都可有一本书。
2) every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。
3) every 只作形容词，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。例如：
Every boy has to take one. 每个男孩必须取一个。
Each boy has to take one.
Each of the boys has to take one.
4) every不可以作状语，each可作状语。
5) every 有反复重复的意思，如 every two weeks等; each没有。
6) every 与not 连用，表示部分否定; each 和not连用表示全部否定。例如：
Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。
3.18 both, either, neither, all, any, none
这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be 动词之后，行为动词之前或第一个助动词之后。
1) both (两者都)，either(两者中任何一个)，neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。例如：
Neither of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。
2) both，either
both与复数连用，either与单数连用。例如：
Both the boys are clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
Either of the two boys is clever.
There are flowers on both sides of the street. 路边长满了野花。
There are flowers on either side of the street.
3) all (所有的，全部的人或物)，any (任何一个)， none (都不)。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。例如：
All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。
I don't like any of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
I like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
注意：all与none用法一样。跟单数名词，用单数动词;跟复数名词，用复数动词。例如：
All of the students are there. 所有的学生都在那。
All (of) the milk is there. 所有的牛奶都在那。
3.19 many, much
Many，much都意为"许多"， many + 可数名词，much + 不可数名词。例如：
How many people are there at the meeting? 多少人出席了会议。
How much time has we left? 还剩多少时间?
Many of the workers were at the meeting.许多工人在开会。
Much of the time was spent on learning.学习上化了许多时间。
3.20 few, little, a few, a little
(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点
few / little 为否定含义，没有多少了。例如：
He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。
He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
There is little time left. 几乎没剩下什么时间了。
固定搭配：only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many) many a (=many)。例如：
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。
典型例题:
Although he 's wealthy，he spends___ on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案： A. spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。
