高三英语教案：《常见词及短语辨析》教学设计。
一名优秀负责的教师就要对每一位学生尽职尽责，教师要准备好教案，这是每个教师都不可缺少的。教案可以让学生们充分体会到学习的快乐，帮助教师更好的完成实现教学目标。教案的内容要写些什么更好呢？小编收集并整理了“高三英语教案：《常见词及短语辨析》教学设计”，供大家参考，希望能帮助到有需要的朋友。
高中英语常见词及短语辨析 ( I )
1 .about; around; round 作副词时都含“四处”、“遍地”的意思。 about 系常用词, 如:
look about四处看。
around 具有 about 的基本意思, 因此 look about=look around, 但在下列短语里 around没有 about正式, 如:
travel around 各处旅行
round 和 around在非正式用法中可以互换, 但一般用 round时更简练。在正式用语中, 一般用 round指“旋转”, 而用 around指“处处”, “到处”, 如:
She turned round at such a noise. 听到这样的吵声, 她回头看。
I have been looking for it all around. 我到处都找过了。
另外, 英国人用 round的地方, 美国人倾向于用 around, 如:
[英] Winter comes round.
[美] Winter comes around.
2 .above all;after all;at all ?
above all意为“尤其是”、“首先”、“最重要的是”，常位于句首或句中，作插入语，起强调作用。如：
But above all tell me quickly what I have to do.可首先快些告诉我该做什么。
A clock must above all keeps good time.时钟最重要的是必须走得准。
after all意为“毕竟”、“终究”、“终归”、“到底”，在句中位置较灵活。可位于句首、句中或句末。如：
After all，your birthday is only two weeks away.毕竟，两周后就是你的生日。
He is，after all，a small child.他毕竟还是个小孩子。
He failed after all.他终于失败了。
at all用于否定句时，意为“丝毫;根本”，用于疑问句时意为“究竟;到底”，用于条件句时，常译为“当真;实在”。用于肯定句中，表示说话人的某种情绪或情感(如怀疑或惊奇等)，意为“竟然”等。如：
He doesn’t like you at all.他根本不喜欢你。
Are you going to do it at all?你究竟做不做这件事?
If you do it at all，do it well.若你真要做这件事，就得做好。
I was surprised at his coming at all.他竟然来了，我很惊讶。
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3. add; add to; add…to; add up to
add作“加，增加”解时，既可作及物动词，又可用作不及物动词;作“又说，补充说”解时，与直接或间接引语连用。如：
If the tea is too strong, add some more hot water. 如果茶太浓了，再加点开水。
After a short while, he added that he would try his best. 过了一会儿，他又接着说他会尽力。
add to意为“增添，增加，增进”。如：
The bad weather added to our difficulties. 恶劣的天气增加了我们的困难。
add...to意为“把……加到……”，是把前一项加到后一项之后或之中。如：
Add two to seven, and you will get nine.七加二等于九。
add up to意为“加起来总共是/累计得”，该短语不用于被动语态。如：
All his school education added up to no more than one year. 他的学校教育加起来不过一年。
4 . affair; thing; matter; business
affair意为“事情、事件”, 含义较广，泛指已做或待做的事;复数affairs一般指商业事务及政府的日常事务，如财政管理、外交事务等。
thing意为“事情、事物”，不管大事小事、好事坏事均称为thing，一般不能专指事务;复数things还可作“形势”解。
matter侧重指须留心的要事或问题、难题。
business作“事务、事情”解时，一般不能用复数，常常指所指派的任务、责任;有时说的是指派的工作或商业上的买卖活动。
a great deal; a great deal of
a great deal用作名词，意为“大量”，“许多”，作主语、宾语;用作副词，意为“很”或“非常”，作状语，修饰动词或用来强调比较级。如：
A great deal has been studied and this is the best way. 经过大量研究后，这(被认为)是最好的办法。
We are a great deal cleverer than before. 我们比以前聪明多了。
a great deal of意为“大量的”，“非常多的”，相当于much，作定语，后接不可数名词。如：
A great deal of time/money/energy has been spent on the project.
大量的时间/金钱/能源花在那个工程上了。
5. agree on;agree to;agree with;agree that
agree on作“就……取得一致意见”解。例如：
The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.
上月，就建一座新汽车厂之事达成了协议。
agree to有两层含义和用法：
其一是to作为动词不定式符号，其后跟动词原形，作“同意(答应)做某事”解。
例如： My father agreed to buy a new pen for me. 父亲答应给我买支新钢笔。
其二是to作为介词，之后跟表示“计划/条件/建议等一类的名词或代词”。例如：
They have a greed to our plan. 他们已同意我们的计划。
agree with作“同意某人的意见”解，其后可跟表示人的名词或代词，也可跟表示“意见”或“说的话”的名词或从句。例如：
He agreed with my opinions. 他同意了我的意见。
We agreed with what he said at the meeting. 我们同意他在会上讲的话。
agree that作“认为……”解，其后跟宾语从句。例如：
I agree that your composition is very good. 我认为你的这篇作文写得不错。
6. allow;let 二者均可作“允许”解，但各有侧重： ? allow重在“允许”或“容许”，也可表示客气的请求。例如： He allowed me to take his dictionary.他允许我拿走他的词典。 Will you allow me to use your bike? 我可以用你的自行车吗? ? let作“允许”或“让”解，主要用于口语，一般可与allow互换。作“允许”解时，常暗含“听任”、“默许”之意;作“让”解时，常含“祈使”或“建议”之意。注意：let之后作宾补的不定式不带to，且不可用于被动语态，而allow则相反。例如： Please let me walk with you(=Please allow me to walk with you.).我(请允许我)跟你一起走。注：allow常用于allow sb.to do sth.或allow doing sth.结构中。
7. although; though; as
三者均可表示“尽管;虽然”，引导让步状语从句。although用法较正式，语气较强;though较常用;as则主要用于倒装句。它们的用法有如下几点值得注意：
状语从句由although, though或as引导，主句之前不可有but, and, so, however等并列连词，但可有yet或still等副词。although与though常可互换。例如：
Although/Though he believes it, yet he will not act. 他虽然相信它，但却不肯有所行动。
as表示“尽管;虽然”，只能用于倒装句，即：将表语、状语或谓语动词放在as之前。though也可这么用。例如：
Young as/though he is, he knows a lot. 他虽然年纪不大，却懂得很多。
注意：如果表语是单数名词，要省略a。例如：
Child as/though he is, he can speak two foreign languages. 虽然他是个孩子，但他会说两门外语。
though可以放在句末，表示“但是”，although却不能。例如：
They said they would come; they did not, though. 他们说他们会来，可是他们并没有来。
although只用来陈述“事实”，不能表示“假设”。因此可以说even though“即使”以及as though“好像(=as if)”，不能说even although或as although。例如：
I believe you are on duty—even though you’re in plain clothes. 尽管你穿着便衣，我相信你是在值勤。
8 . among/between
这两个介词都有“在……之间”的意思。between常用于两者之间;among一般指三者或三者以上之间。若指三个以上人或物中的每两个之间时，仍然要用between。
例如：The girl walked between her father and mother.这个女孩走在她父亲和母亲之间。
She is the tallest among her classmates.她在她同学之间是最高的。
Switzerland lies between France，Italy，Austria and Germany.
瑞士位于法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间。
9. argue debate dispute 都含“辩论”的意思。? argue 着重“说理”、“论证”和“企图说服”, 如:
I argued with her for a long time, but she refused to listen to reason.
我和她辩论了好久, 但她还是不听。
debate 着重“双方各述己见”, 内含“交锋”的意思, 如:
We have been debating about the issue. 我们一直在就这个问题进行辩论。
dispute 指“激烈争辩”, 含有“相持不下”或“未得解决”之意,如:
Whether he will be elected as chairman is still disputed.他是否当选为主席, 仍然有争论。
10 argue;quarrel;discuss 这三个动词均有“争”的意思，但“争”法不同。
argue着重就自己的看法或观点，提出论证，同他人“争论”或“辩论”。例如：
We heard them arguing in the other room.我们听见他们在另一个房间里争论。
另外，argue同with搭配，其后接人;与about连用，其后接事物。例如：
We argued with them about this problem for a long time.这个问题我们同他们辩论了很长时间。
quarrel是指对某事不喜欢或强烈不满而发生的“争吵”或“吵架”。同with搭配，其后接某人;和about连用，其后接某事。例如：
He often quarrels about their housework with his wife.他常为家务事同妻子争吵。
discuss是指认真交换自己的意见或看法的“讨论”。例如：
We'll discuss the use of the articles tomorrow.明天我们将讨论冠词的用法。
11 as (so) far as; as (so) long as
as(so)far as的意思是“就……而言(所知)”，as (so) far as sth.is concerned是其中一种具体用法，意为“就某事而言”;as (so) long as意为“只要”，引导条件状语从句。如：
As far as I know, more than 10 million laid-off workers have found their new jobs.
就我所知，一千多万下岗工人已经找到了新的工作。
There is nothing that we can’t do so / as long as we keep on trying to do it.
只要我们不断地努力去做，就没有什么事干不成。
As far as the tourism of China is concerned, there is a long way to go.
就中国的旅游业而言，需要做的工作还很多。
12 asleep/sleeping 二者都是形容词。asleep仅用作表语，不能作定语，表示“睡着，熟睡”的意思;而sleeping一般只能用作定语，放在名词前，表示“睡眠中的，休止的”意思。
如：我们不能说：an asleep baby，但可以说：a sleeping baby(一个熟睡的婴儿)。
再如：He was asleep with his head on his arms.他头枕着手臂在熟睡。
asleeping dog正在熟睡的狗 sleeping car卧车 sleeping bag睡袋
13 assert，affirm，maintain ? assert宣称、断言，常指某人主观自信，坚持己见，有时不顾客观事实而断言下结论。? affirm指以事实为依据，深信不疑地肯定某种观点或看法。? maintain指在相反的证据或论点面前，重申原来的某种观点、立场。
A.Despite all the policeman’s questions the suspect ___ that he had been at home all evening.
B.It is nonsense to ___ that smoking does not damage people’s health.
C.Throughout his prison sentence Dunn has always ___ his innocence.
Answers：A. affirmed B. assert C. maintained
14 as though;even though;though ? as though(=as if)，意为“好像;似乎”，引导方式状语从句或表语从句。如：
He spoke as though(as if)he had been here before.他说话的口气好像他以前来过这里。
It looks as if(as though)it is going to rain.看起来好像要下雨。
even though(=even if)，意为“即使”，引导让步状语从句。though也引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然”;even though有退一步设想的意味，与though不同。though引导的句子所说的是事实，even though引导的句子所说的则不一定是事实。例如：
He will not tell the secret even though(even if)he knows it.即使他知道这个秘密，他也不肯说出来。
He will not tell the secret though he knows it.他虽然知道这个秘密，但他不会说出来。
15 at the beginning;in the beginning ? at the beginning 在……初;在……开始的时候。常与of连用。例如： Students usually have a study plan at the beginning of term. 学生们在开学初制定学习计划。 ? in the beginning 相当于at first，表示“起初、开始”时，含“起初是这种情况，而后来却不是这种情况”之意，不与of连用。例如： In the beginning，some of us took no interest in physics. 起初我们有些人对物理不感兴趣。
16 attack assail assault charge beset
都含有"攻击"的意思。
attack 是常用词, 指"攻击敌人"或"用言论攻击他人", 如:
Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941. 德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。
assail 指"猛烈连续地攻击", 如:
The enemy plane assailed our defence position. 敌机不断猛烈地攻击我们的阵地。
assault 语气比 assail强, 指"突然猛烈地进攻", 暗示"武力的直接接触" (如肉搏等), 也有"暴力"的意思, 如：The enemy assaulted us at dawn. 敌人在黎明时向我进攻。
charge 指"冲击"或"骑兵的突然攻击", 如:
The cavalry charged to the front. 骑兵猛烈向前线冲击。
beset 指"围攻", 即从各个方向攻击, 如：
In the swamp we were beset by mosquitoes. 在沼泽地里, 我们受到蚊子的围攻。
17 at the age of/by the age of ? at the age of表示“在……岁时”，后面接基数词，强调某一时刻的情况或动作，用于一般过去时，作时间状语。例如：
At the age of six，he began to learn English.他六岁的时候开始学英语。
She learned to play the piano at the age often.她十岁的时候学弹钢琴。
by the age of表示“到……岁的时候”、“在……岁以前”，后面接基数词，强调到某一时刻为止的结果，用于过去完成时或将来完成时，作时间状语。例如：
By the age of sixteen，he had learned to drive a car.到十六岁的时候，他已经学会了开小汽车。
You will have learned more than 2000 English words by the age of fourteen.
到你十四岁的时候，你将学会2000多个英语单词。
18 at the time; at that time; at one time; at a time
at the time通常用于过去时句子中，指某件事情发生的“当时”、“那时”。例如：
Many people saw the strange thing happen at the time. 当时，许多人都看到了这件奇怪的事情的发生。
有时，at the time的后面可接“of...”短语。这时，它表示“在(某事态)发生的时候”或“在……的时代”。例如：
Were you in San Francisco at the time of the big earth quake in 1989﹖
1989年旧金山发生地震时，你在那里吗?
It happened at the time of King Alfred. 事情发生在阿尔弗雷德国王时期。
at that time 则通常指前文明确提到的某个时期、时候。通常其后不带“of...”短语。例如：
In the 17th century much corn was grown in Tibet and Sichuan.At that time
(=At the 17th century) the land along the Changjiang River was becoming very crowded.
at one time=during a period of time in the past意为“过去有一段时期”，“曾经”。例如：
They used to be good friends at one time. 他们曾经是好朋友。
at a time则意为“一次”，表示一个时间单位。它常与表示数量的词语连用，表示频率。例如：
Don’t speak all at once.One at a time, please. 不要同时一起说。一次只一个人说。
Take the medicine three times a day and three pieces at a time. 这些药每天服三次，每次服三粒。
19 at ... speed / with ... speed? at the speed of或者at ... speed，意为“以……的速度”。而当speed被all, lightning, great等修饰时，介词应用with。我们可用一句口诀来帮助记忆：都(all)以闪电般(lightning)大(great)的速度行驶。如：
Our car was running with all speed on the expressway. 我们的车在高速公路上全速行驶。
The Long March No.2 Rocket sent up the satellite into space at the speed of 11.2 kilometers per second. 长征二号火箭以每秒钟11.2公里的速度将卫星发射到太空。
B
20 because/since/as/for?
这四个词都是表示原因或理由的连接词，但是as，because，since是从属连词，引导原因状语从句，for是并列连词，所引导的不是原因状语从句，而是表示理由的对等句子，是对前面所讲内容补充和说明。在语气上由强至弱依次为because→since→as→for。because引导的从句多置于句末，表示直接的原因或理由，表示产生那种结果的必然的因果关系，在回答why的提问时，必须用because作答。
如：We stayed at home because it rained.因为下雨我们呆在家里。
as与since引导的从句多置于句首，不过as表示十分明显的原因，只说明一般的因果关系，可译为“因为、由于”;而since则表示稍加分析、对方已知的原因，一般可译为“既然”。如：
As he was not feeling well，I decided to go there alone.由于他身体欠佳，我决定独自去那里。
Since everyone is here，let's start.既然大家都到了，咱们就开始吧。
for引导的从句一般放在句末，其前用逗号，它所叙述的理由是间接的，即推测性理由，或是对前面叙述的事实或看法的补充说明。如：
There must be nobody in the classroom，for the light is off.
教室里一定没有人，因为灯灭了。(推测性理由)
believe;believe in
believe作及物动词时，其后可跟名词，表示“相信”;后接从句或复合宾语时，表示“认为;料想;相信”等。如：
I believe what he says.我相信他的话。
I believe that he will succeed.我相信他会成功的。
believe in 是一个动介型短语动词，表示“信奉;信仰”(指对某种思想、主张、观念、行动具有信心)和“信任(have trust in)”。如：
They believe in God.他们信仰上帝。
I believe in having plenty of exercise.我相信多锻炼有好处。
believe和believe in后均可接表示人的名词或代词，但含义不同。试比较：
I believe in him(I think he is a frustworthy man).我信任他。
I believe him.(I believe what he says).我相信他的话。
1 belief faith trust confidence 都含有“相信”的意思。
belief 指“承认某事是真的, 尽管有或没有确凿的证据”, 如:
belief in ghosts. 相信有鬼。
faith 指“认为有确凿证据或道理而完全相信”, 如:
I have faith in his ability to succeed. 我相信他有成功的能力。
?trust 指“信赖”、“信任”, 含有“坚定的信念”的意思, 如:
enjoy the trust of the people 得到人民的信任。
confidence 指“在有证据的基础上相信”, 也常指“自信”、“有把握”, 如:
She has great confidence in her success. 她对自己的成功充满信心。
22 besides;except;but ? 三者都可以用作介词。用于肯定句中时，except/but意为“除……外(不再有)”;besides意为“除……外(还有)”。请比较：
All of them have seen the film except/but Wu Dong. 除了吴东外，他们都看过了那部影片。
All of them have seen the film besides Wu Dong. 除了吴东看过那部影片外，他们也都看过了。
except后接名词、代词、-ing或不定式时，可以与but互换;except后接副词、介词短语时，一般不能为but所替换。如：
I’ll do everything except/but cook. 除了做饭，我什么事情都干。
This window is never opened except in summer. 除了在夏天，这个窗子从不打开。
用在否定句中，三者可以互换。如：
There aren’t any other people to do the work except/but/besides you.
除了你，没人能做这工作。
23 be anxious to; be anxious for; be anxious about ;be anxious that? be anxious to表示“急于”、“渴望”，其中to是不定式符号，后面接动词原形;
be anxious for表示“渴望”，后面接名词或代词时，强调渴望得到某物或渴望了解某事;后面接sb.to do sth.时，表示“渴望某人能做某事”，其中for sb.to do sth.是不定式复合结构。
be anxious about 表示“对…感到不安”、“为…担心”、“为…忧虑”;? be anxious that表示“渴望”，后面接从句，that从句的谓语动词须用虚拟语气;
[EXERCISES]
①I ____ the result of the examination.
②We ____ know the result of the examination.
③We ____ Mr Liu to help us with our English.
④Mr Li ____ a new car.
⑤They ____ arrive home before dark.
(Key: ①am anxious about/for ②are anxious to ③are anxious for ④is anxious for ⑤are anxious to)
1) The girl ____ a new dictionary. 2) All the students ____ their results of this examination. 3) Everyone _____ know their results of the competition. 4) We ___Mr Zhao to return. 5) We _____ she should do her best.
Key: 1) was/is anxious for 2) are anxious about 3) is anxious to 4)are anxious for
5) are anxious that
be known as; be known for; be known to; be known in
be known as 意为“作为……而著名”，其后的名词表示一个人的身份、职业等。如：
Liu Huan is known as a singer.刘欢作为一个歌手而出名。
We’re sure you’ll be well-known as an artist.我们相信你会成为一位著名的画家。
be known for 意为“因……而著名”，其后所接内容表示某人或物的特点、特长等。如：
Guilin is known for her beautiful mountains and rivers.桂林因其美丽的山水而闻名。
Mr Geldof is well-known for organizing two big pop concerts on the same day.
盖尔多夫先生因在同一天组织两场大型的流行音乐会而出名。
be known to “为……所了解/知道”，其后接表示人的词语。“(人们都)知道”，其后接动词原形。如：
He is known to all in our village.村子里的人都了解他。
He was known to have invented many things.=It was known that he had invented many things.
人们都知道他已经发明了很多东西。
be known in 意为“在某地很著名”。如：
He is well-known in the town where he was born. 他在自己出生的那个镇子上很出名。
24 be made of/be made in/be made from/be made by/be made up of ? be made of表示“由……制成”，指从原料到制成品，只发生了形状变化，没有发生本质变化(属物理变化)。 ? be made in当后面接时间的数词或名词时，表示“某物何时制造的或何时产的”。当后面接指地点的名词时，表示“某地产某物”。 ? be made from表示“由……制成”，指从原料到制成品，发生了质的变化，已无法复原(属化学变化)。 ? be made by表示“由……制做”，后面接指人的名词或代词，强调动作的执行者。 ? be made up of表示“由……构成(组成)”，强调主语由两部分或两个以上的部分构成或组成。 【练习】用be made in，be made of，be made from，be made by或be made up of填空。
①This bike Tianjin. ②This table wood.
③The car 1999. ④Paper wood.
⑤The kite my mother. ⑥The team ten members.
【Keys】was made in; is made of ;was made in ;is made from;was made by;is made up of?
高中英语常见词及短语辨析( II )
.be used for/be used as/be used by ? be used for表示“被用作……”或“被用来作……”，后面接名词或v-ing，其中for表示目的。 ? be used as表示“作为……而用”或“用作……”，后面接名词或动词不定式，强调使用的工具及手段。 ? be used by表示“由……使用”，后面接指人的名词或代词，强调使用者。
【练习】用be used for，be used as或be used by填空。 ①A telephone better communication(交流). ②The motorbike Liu Ming. ③A ruler often a knife by him to cut a piece of paper open. 【Keys】is used for;is used by;is,used as
26. be pleased with; be pleased at(或about);be pleased to
1) The manager ___ you before.
2) My boss must ___ see you again in HongKong.
3) I ___ seeing so many students present.
4) I hear Mr Zhao ___ your article.
析： ①was pleased with。表示“对……满意;喜欢……”后面通常接指人的名词或代词。 ②be pleased to。表示“很高兴或很乐意做某事”，其中to是不定式符号，后面接动词原形。 ③am pleased at(或about)。be pleased at(或about)表示“对(看到或听到的)事感到高兴，”后面接指事的名词或v-ing。 ④is pleased at(或about)。解析同③。
27. be to do sth;be about to do sth;be going to do sth.
be to do sth.表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作，后可跟时间状语。如：
You're to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.十点钟以前你得交上试卷。
be about to do sth.表示打算或安排即将发生的动作，它通常不与时间状语连用。如：
I was about to go out when someone knocked at the door.我正要出去，这时有人敲门。
be going to do sth.有三层含义：
①表示打算、计划或决定要做某事。如：
We're going to spend our holidays in Wales this year. 今年我们打算到威尔士度假。
②用以表示某事物即将发生或很可能发生。如：
I'm going to be twenty next month. 下个月我就二十岁了。
③有迹象表明即将发生的动作或状态。如：
Look at those black clouds, there is going to be a storm. 瞧那些乌云，暴风雨就要来了。
28 beat; strike; hit? strike通常表示“打一下、打若干下”，不一定都是有意的;还有“打动、使……着迷、某种想法突然闪现在脑海里”的含义;也可指“打、擦出(火)，(蛇、兽)抓，咬，或(钟)敲响”。
hit指“打中”或“对准……来打”，“敲打或打击对方的某一点”。
beat着重“连续地打击”。如：殴打或体罚;也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方;也指“心跳”。
29 blame; scold blame“责备;责怪”，指某人应对自己不好的行为负责(常与for连用)，或将某件不好的事情归咎于他人(常与on或upon连用)，往往含有把自己当作评判人来评判某事，没有用言语来进行责骂的意思。例如：
He blamed Tom for the failure. 他责怪汤姆造成了失败。
Don't blame it on him, but on me. 别怪他，该怪我。
scold“责骂”，指唠唠叨叨地数说某人，多用于上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的“责骂”。例如：
Don't scold the child.It's not his fault. 不要责骂那孩子，这不是他的过失。
I hate to scold, son, but you mustn't stay out so late at night.
我不喜欢斥责，孩子，可你不该呆在外面那么晚不回家。
30 blow down; blow in; blow off; blow over ? blow down表示“吹倒”、“刮倒”;blow in表示“吹进”、“吹入”;blow off表示“吹掉”、“炸掉”、“发泄”;blow over表示“暴风雨 吹散”、“过去”、“结束”。
[EXERCISES]
1) The high winds yesterday _____ thousands of trees. 2) We sometimes had quarrels, but they soon _____. 3) I had my hat ____ by the wind. 4) A lot of dust ____.You must clear it away. Key: 1) blew down 2) blew over 3) blown off 4) has blown in
31 . break up; break down; break out; break into; break in; break away; break through ? break up表示“打碎”、“变坏”、“分解”、“终止”、“破裂”。
break down表示“瓦解”、“分解”、“失败”、“出故障”、“破坏”、“拆毁”。
break out表示“爆发”、“突然发生”。
break into表示“强行进入”、“闯入”、“破门而入”、“打断(谈话、讨论)”、“突然……起来”。
break in表示“闯入”、“打断”、“插嘴”，其中in是副词。
break away表示“脱逃”、“脱离”、“突然离开”、“革除”、“戒除”，常与from连用。
break through表示“战胜”、“突围”、“穿过……而出现”、“突破”。
[练]
①He said his computer _____.
②Those old cars will be ____ for scrap(废铁).
③Last night somebody ____ Mr Brown's house and took away many things.
④A fire ____ after we had gone home.
⑤The boy often ____ while his parents are speaking.
⑥You must ____ from bad habits.
⑦After the heavy rain the sun ____ the clouds.
⑧A thief ____ and stole a lot of things last night.
⑨Tom ____the motor bike which he bought five years ago.
⑩The ice began to ____ on the river.
(Key:①had broken down ②broken up ③broke into ④broke out ⑤breaks in
⑥break away ⑦broke through ⑧broke in ⑨broke down ⑩break up)
bring on;bring in;bring out
bring on 使发生;引起;端上(饭菜)。如：
Tom often brings on meals and his brother，Jim picks up the dishes after meals.
汤姆常常端上饭菜，(而)他弟弟吉姆饭后收拾碗碟。
The sudden cold weather brought on his cold again. 天气突然变冷，使他再次感冒。
bring in 引来;引进;吸收。如：
His new business brings in 1，000 dollars. 他的新生意使他赚了一千美元。
We also brought in some words from English. 我们也从英语中吸收了一些词汇。
bring out 取出;说出;阐明;出版。如：
He brought out his gun and pointed at me.他掏出枪来指着我。
Bring out the meaning more clearly.请把意思讲清楚些。
They have brought out a set of children’s books.他们出版了一套儿童读物。
32 bring down; bring back; bring up; bring in ? bring down表示“使倒下”、“减少”、“降低(价格、温度)”;? bring back表示“使回想起”、“归还”、“带回来”;? bring up表示“呕吐出”、“养育”;? bring in表示“把......引进来”、“赚入”、“获利”、“把......拿进来”、“吸收”。
[EXERCISES]
1) Her singing _____ memories of my mother. 2) They also ____ some words from their own languages. 3) The wind ____ a number of trees. 4) He _____ all he had eaten. 5) Can you try to get them to ____ the price﹖ 6) All library books must be ____ before June 25. 7) Mr White ____ 0 a week. 8) You must manage to _____ the temperature. Key: 1) brings back 2) brought in 3) brought down 4) brought up 5) bring down 6) brought back 7) is bringing in 8) bring down
33 broad; wide? 两者都表示两边或两点之间的距离都有“宽的”之意， 但broad着重某物覆盖面的范围 (如肩、背、胸等的宽)，还可表示“宽宏大量”;wide着重指边沿间相隔的距离以及“广泛”之意。如：
Looking at the new-type camera, the young man with broad shoulders was surprised with his mouth wide open.
看着那个新型相机，那个肩宽背阔的年轻人惊奇得张大了嘴巴。
He’s a broad-minded person; he’ll never be disappointed by such a small failure.
他是个心胸宽广的人;决不会因为那么一次小小的失败而感到失望。
34 but/however? 这两个连词都有“但是，可是，然而”之意。but连接两个分句或有关部分，表示转折或逻辑上的对比关系，使用最广，口语中更为常见。如：
We love peace but we are not afraid of war.我们热爱和平，但我们并不害怕战争。
however转折意味比but弱，连接的两个分句或有关部分的关系较为松弛，后一部分常起附带说明或衬托作用。however常以插入语形式出现在句子中间，前后用逗号隔开，也可置于句首或句末。如：
Later，however，he decided to go.可是后来他决定去了。
35 by oneself;oneself ? by oneself=alone，without help。强调“在无他人或他物的情况下”或“无帮助的情况下”;
oneself作同位语，表示强调本人。
试比较：
If you come to my house，I’ll cook for you myself.
如果你来我家，我将亲自下厨。(强调亲手为你做饭)
Can you cook by yourself now? 你现在能单独做饭了吗?(强调无他人协作)
36 by sea;by the sea ? by sea意为“走海路;坐轮船”，其中by表示乘坐交通工具或行走方式，by与名词间不可用冠词;by the sea意为“在海边”，其中by表示“在……旁边”，by与后面的名词间常有冠词修饰。如：
They will go to America by sea. 他们将坐轮船去美国。
There is a small village by the sea.海边有个小村庄。
请比较下面类似有这样区别的短语：
by ship 乘船 by a ship 在一艘轮船旁边
by land 从陆路 by the land 在岸边(在陆地旁边)
by taxi 乘出租车 by the taxi 在出租车旁边
by road 从陆路 by the road 在路边
C
37 catch sb.doing sth; be (get) caught in sth. ? catch sb.doing sth.作“碰(遇)上某人正在做某事”解。例如：
The policeman caught two men fighting in the street.警察碰见两个人在街上打架。
The man was caught stealing the apples.那人偷苹果时，被当场发现。
? be (get) caught in sth.“遇上……而受阻”之意。例如：
I got caught in the traffic.我因交通堵塞而受阻。
I was caught in a storm on my way to school.我在去学校的路上遇到了暴雨。
38 care about; care for; care; care to ? care about“关心;计较;在乎”，指由于某事重要，或因责任所在而关心计较，一般用于否定句。如： He doesn't care about his clothes.他不讲究衣着。 I don't care about going there.去不去那里，我无所谓。 ? care for“关心;照料;喜欢;愿意”。作“关心;照料”讲，一般用于肯定句或疑问句。如： Who will care for your children when you are away﹖ 你离开期间谁照顾你的孩子? How the Party cares for us! 党是多么关心我们啊! Would you care for a walk? 你愿意去散步吗? He cares more for fine new clothes than for anything else. 他喜爱漂亮的新衣胜于其他的一切。 ? care还可作及物动词，但其后通常接从句。如： I don't care who you are.我不管你是谁。 I don't care what you say.不论你说什么，我都不在乎。 ? care to“愿意，欲望”，后接动词原形。如： I don’t care to go there.我不愿意去那里。
?
39 carry off; carry away; carry out ? 表示“运走”;“掠走”，用carry off或carry away均可。但两者也有不同之处：carry off可表示“夺得”某种奖赏;carry away可表示“吸引住”。如： After destroying the village, the enemy carried off/away all the cattle. 在毁掉村子之后，敌人把牲畜都掠走了。 I carried off the first prize.我获得了头等奖。 We were carried away by her songs.她的歌声令我们浑然忘我。 ? carry out的意思是“搬出(某物)”;“履行(计划或义务等)”。如： Would you please carry out the desk into the garden﹖ 请你把桌子搬到花园里去好吗? You must carry out your duty. 你必须履行你的职责。
40 carry out; carry on? 注意两者的区别：carry out意为“执行、实行”;carry on表示“(继续)进行、进行下去”，强调坚持。如：
The group of soldiers carried out a secret military action the other day.
几天前，这群士兵执行了一次秘密的军事行动。
Comrades in Germany were carrying on a heroic fight against war under conditions of fascism at that time.
那时，在德国的同志正在法西斯的统治区进行一场英勇的反战斗争。
41 cause; reason; excuse ? cause意为“起因”、“原因”，指引起某种结果的必然原因，即主要事实方面的原因，常和effect连用，表示因果关系。如：
I don’t know the cause and effect.我不知道此事的前因后果。
The cause of the fire was carelessness.失火的原因是粗心大意。
? reason意为“理由”、“原因”，指用以解释某些已发生的事情的理由或借口，这种理由可能是也可能不是真正的理由，强调逻辑推理方面的理由。如：
There are many reasons for animals dying out.动物的绝种有许多原因。
Tell us your reason for changing the plan.告诉我们你改变计划的原因。
? excuse指为免受指责和推卸责任而找的“理由”、“原因”也就是我们常说的“借口”。如：
Too much work is no excuse for absence.工作太忙不能成为缺席的理由。
I haven’t done the work well，my excuse is that I have been ill. 我没把工作做好，我的理由是我病了。
42 cheer/greet/welcome? cheer意为“欢呼”，侧重表示高声呼叫以示欢迎，强调气氛的活跃，常含鼓励之意。如： The boys cheered their football team.孩子们为他们的足球队喝彩。? greet表示用语言、行动等“迎接”，常含“友好、热情、亲切”之意。如： We greeted our guests at the gate. 我们在大门口迎接客人。? welcome常表示“欢迎新人、新事、新主张”等。如： We welcome the new ideas. 我们欢迎新思想。
43 clear away, clear up, clear off ? clear away表示“清除掉”、“收拾掉”、“散掉”、“消散”;clear up表示“露出(喜色)”、“(天气)放晴”、“清理”、“整理”;clear off表示“走开”、“离开”。
[EXERCISES]
1) We must ____ such ideas among ourselves. 2) She ____ her desk before she moved to another school. 3) The sky looks as if it would ____ soon. 4) ____ before I call the police. 5) His face ____ when he read the letter. Key: 1) clear away 2) cleared up 3) clear up 4) Clear off 5) cleared up
44 close;closely ? close, closely这两个词都可以用作副词，close表示“靠近”、“紧紧地”，closely则表示“紧密地”、“严密地”、“密切地”。如：
1) I went closer, and saw clearly a tall man in the moonlight.
2) Come close, I want to tell you something important.
3) The policeman followed the strange man closely.
4) The scientists got closely in touch with the astronauts.
45 come up; come on; come out? come up常表示位置“上升”;从水中或 土中“冒出”;芽苗等“长出”;“引起注意、被提出”等。如：
The seeds haven’t come up. 种子还没发芽。
Your question came up at the meeting.你的问题在会上被提出来讨论。
come on 常用来催促别人，意为“加油、加快”，也可表示“来临、袭击”。如：
I can feel a headache coming on.我觉得头痛了。
? come out常表秘密等“传出、被获悉”，书籍等的“出版”;“结果是”。如：
When will her new book come out﹖ 她的新书什么时候出版?
The answer to the math problem came out wrong. 这道数学题的结果错了。
46 complete; finish ? finish是普通用语，用得比较广泛，可作及物动词或不及物动词，多用来指“完成”一项任务或活动，后面可接名词、代词或-ing，不接不定式。例如：
Have you finished your work﹖ 你的工作完成了吗?
He finished writing the letter last night.这封信他是昨晚完成的。
complete一般用作及物动词，用法较正式，通常用来表示完成某个计划、理想、事业、工程、建筑、书籍及作品等，后面可接名词或代词，不接-ing或不定式。例如：
He’s never completed a project on time. 他从未按时完成过计划。
The bridge is not completed yet. 这座桥至今尚未完工。
表示完成学业、精细的工作、吃完某物及在被动结构中表示“一切都完了;没希望了”等意时，均用finish。例如：
He finished school in 1991. 他1991年从学校毕业。
The wood-work is beautifully finished. 这件木器做得很精细。
注意：complete a book的意思是“写完一本书”;finish a book意为“看完一本书”。
47 common ordinary general 都含“普通的”意思。
common强调“常见的”、“ 不足为奇的”，
如：Colds are common in winter.感冒在冬天很常见。
ordinary强调“平常的”、“平淡无奇的”，
如：His ordinary supper consists of only bread and milk. 他通常的晚餐不过是面包和牛奶。
? general意为“普遍的”、“一般的”，
如：This book is intended for the general reader, not for the specialist.
这本书是为一般读者写的， 不是为专家写的。
normal指“正常的”、“正规的”、“常态的”,
如:the normal temperature of the human body 人的正常体温
48 compare…with; compar…to; compared with/to
Compare…with意为“把……与……相比”，侧重指两者间的区别。
如：Compare this car with that one, and you will find the differences between them.
把这辆汽车与那辆汽车相比较，你就会发现它们之间的区别。
compare…to…意为“把……比作……”，着重注意两者间的相似点。如：
This song compares our country to a big family.这首歌把我们的国家比作一个大家庭。
? compare既可以单独用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词。用作不及物动词时，以compare with…形式出现，表示“与……相比”。如：
Living here can’t compare with living in Shanghai.在这儿生活不能和在上海(生活)相比。
If you compare the two words， you can tell the difference between them.
如果你比较这两个单词，你就会辨别出它们之间的不同。
? compared with…和compared to…都可用作状语，意义基本相同，可互换。如：
Compared to/with him， you are lucky. 与他相比，你是幸运的。
It was a small town then， compared to/with what it is now. 和现在比起来，那时它还是个小镇。
?
49 cover; interview ? 两者都可用作动词，意为“采访”，cover的宾语是事情;interview的宾语是人。如： Reporters are then sent to cover the events.然后记者们就被派去采访这些事件。 He interviewed five people in the morning.他上午采访了五个人。
50 country; nation; state; land
country意为“国家;国土”，侧重指版图;疆域。如：
China is a great country with a long history.中国是一个历史悠久的伟大国家。
注意：country含义广泛，适合各种文体，也可代替本组中的任何一个词，有时作“祖国”解，带有感情色彩。如：
After many years abroad， he wanted to return to his country.在国外呆了多年后，他想回到自己的祖国。
Some parts of this country (land) are much warmer than others.该国某些地区的气候较其他地区温暖得多。
nation意为“民族;国家”，侧重指人民;国民;民族。如：
The whole nation was in deep sorrow at this news.听到这一噩耗，全国人民悲痛万分。
注意：在国际交往等正式场合，nation语体庄重，比country常用。如：
the United Nations (UN) 联合国 the law of nations 国际公法
a most favored nation 最惠国
Trade between nations is much better than war.国与国之间进行贸易往来比兵戎相见好得多。
? state意为“国家;政府”，侧重指政权;政体。如：
In our country， railways are state-owned. 在我国铁路为国家所有。
land意为“国土;国家”，带有感情色彩，多用于文学作品中。如：
This is my native land.I’ll defend it with my life! 这是我的祖国，我要用自己的生命保卫她!
cross; across; crossing
cross作动词用时，意思是“横过”。如：
They are crossing the river. 他们正在过河。
The idea has just crossed my mind. 这个主意是我刚才想到的。
cross作名词用时，指“十字形的东西”。
across可作介词或副词，意为“横穿，横过”。如：
They pushed the cart across the bridge. 他们推着车过桥。
The post office is across the street.邮局在街道对面。
crossing意为“横穿，交叉，十字路口，人行横道”。如：
They are standing at a crossing.他们正站在十字路口。
相关阅读
高三英语教案：《语法介词及介词短语》教学设计
【考纲解读】
介词主要考查近义词的用法区别、介词的特定含义、介词和连词易混淆的项目、介词的固定用法等，在2011年和2012年全国各地高考试题中，都涉及到介词的考查，不仅在单项填空中进行考查，在短文改错题中，对于介词的有无、介词与其他词的固定搭配的考查尤为频繁。笔者认为因为介词的用法非常普遍，它关系到句子的上下衔接，所以以后的高考题介词仍然是一个考查热点。
高考研究介词是英语中比较活跃的词，中学阶段所学的介词有40多个。它与名词、形容词、副词和动词等构成搭配时用法灵活，意义丰富。搭配比较活跃的介词主要有in，out，up，down，on，off，to，from，for，over，with等。预测今后高考介词的考查将以介词的固定短语和介词辨析为主。在学习介词时，应重点掌握介词的基本用法，同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。
【知识要点】
介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词。
1.介词可按其构成分为：
(1)简单介词，即一个介词，如about，at，in，of，since等。
(2)复合介词，由两个介词组成，如as for，as to，out of等。?
(3)二重介词，由两个介词搭配而成，但没有复合介词那样固定，如from under，from behind，until after，except in等。?
(4)短语介词，由短语构成，如?according? to，because of，in spite of，on behalf of，with reference to等。?
(5)分词介词，由现在分词构成，如regarding，concerning，including等。
2.介词还可按其词义分为下列常见的几种：
(1)表地点(包括动向)，如about，
above，across，after，along，among，around，at，before，behind，below，beneath，beside，between，beyond，by，down，from，in，into，near，off，on，over，through，throughout，to，towards，under，up，upon，with，within，without等。?
[注]有不少表地点的介词可表动向，除很明显的across，around，over，towards，near外，还有among，behind，beneath，between，on，to，under等。
(2)表时间，如about，after，around，as，at，before，behind，between，by，during，for，from，in，into，of，on，over，past，since，through，throughout，till(until)，to，towards，within等。?
(3)表除去，如besides，but，except等。?
(4)表比较，如as，like，above，over等。?
(5)表反对，如against，with等。?
(6)表原因、目的，如for，with，from等。?
(7)表结果，如to，with，without等。?
(8)表手段、方式，如by，in，with等。?
(9)表所属，如of，with等。?
(10)表条件，如on，without，?considering?等。?
(11)表让步，如despite，in spite of等。?
(12)表关于，如about，concerning，?regarding?，with regard to，as for，as to等。?
(13)表对于，如to，for，over，at，with等。?
(14)表根据，如on，according to等。?
(15)表其他，如for(赞成)，without(没有)等。?
(一)介词的句法功能
介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。
1、作定语：The book on the table is mine.
2、作状语：We have breakfast at seven.(表时间);They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因);They started the machine by pressing the button.(表方法)
3、作表语：My dictionary 中学is in the bag.
4、作宾语补足语：I found him in the office.
(二)主要介词区别
1、表示时间的at, in, on：at表示片刻的时间，如：at 8 o’clock ，常用词组有：at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year等。in表示一段的时间，如：in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。on总是跟日子有关，on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day, on a warm morning等。
2、表示时间的since和from：since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如：I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995.
3、表示时间的in和after：两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后，区别在于in表示“在(一段时间)之后”，而after则表示“在(某一具体时间点之后)”，in短语和将来时态连用，after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。如：We’ll be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation?
注意：after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时里)。如：After two months he returned.
4、表示地理位置的in, on, to：in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外。如：Changchun is in the northeast of China./ Mongolia is on the north of China./ Japan is to the east of China.
5、表示“在……上”的on和in：on只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。 如：There is a book on the piece of paper./ There is an interesting article in the newspaper./ He dug a hole in the wall.
6、表示“穿过……”的through和across：through表示从内部通过，与in 有关;across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过，与on有关。如： Water flows through the pipe./ The old man walked across the street.
7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner：in the corner 表示在角落里，in指角的内面;on the corner表示“在角上”，on指的不是内面，也不是外面，而含内外兼有之意;at the corner指“在拐角处”，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。如：The lamp stands in the corner of the room./ I met with him at the street corner./ He sat on the corner of the table.
8、in the end, at the end of, by the end of：in the end作“最后”、“终于”解，可单独使用，后不接介词of;at the end of 表示“在……末梢”，“到……尽头”，既可指时间，也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用;by the end of 作“在……结束时”，“到……末为止”解，只能指时间。不可单独使用。如：In the end they reached a place of safety./ At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden./ They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week./ by the end of last month he had finished the novel.
9、表示“关于”的about 和on：两者都有“关于”的意思，不过前者为一般用词，而后者为较正式的“论述”。如：He came to tell me about something important./ He wrote a book on science.
10、between, among：一般说来，between表示两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间。如：You are to sit between your father and me./ He is always happy among his classmates.
注意：但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，如果强调的是两两相互间接关系，适用于between。如：Agreements were made between the different countries. 在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分居两边时用between。如：The little valley lies between high mountains.。在谈事物间的差别时，总是用between。如：They don’t know the difference between wheat, oats and barley.
11、besides, except, but, except for：besides指“除了……还有，再加上”。如：All went out besides me.;except指“除了，减去什么”，不能放在句首。如：All went out except me.;but 与except意思近似，表示“除了……外”经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。如：I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.;except for表示“如无……就，只是”表明理由细节。如：His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.。
12、表示“用”的in和with：表示工具的“用”，用with，而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“用”，用in。如：He is writing a letter with a pen./ He wrote the letter in pencil./ We measured it in pounds./ Read the text in a loud voice./ Tell me the story in English.
13、in charge of和in the charge of：两者都表示“由谁负责、照顾、管理”。区别在于：in charge of后接被照管的人或物，而in the charge of后面则跟照管的人。如：Who is in charge of the project?/ The project is in the charge of an engineer.。
14、as, like：as作“作为”、“以……地位或身份”解。如：Let me speak to you as a father.(事实是父亲);like作“象……一样”解。如：Let me speak to you like a father.(事实上不是父亲)。
15、in front of 和in the front of：in front of = before，是“在……前面”的意思(不在某物内); in the front of则是“在……前部”的意思(在某物内)。如：There is a desk in front of the blackboard./ The boy sat in the front of the car.。
16、in, into：into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置。如：We walked into the park.;in通常表示位置。如：We walked in the park;in和drop, fall, put, throw, break等终止性动词连用时，也可以表示动向。如：I have put the coin in (into) my pocket.我把硬币放进衣袋。
复习时需注意的要点
1、介词一般放在名词之前，但它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词、疑问副词或者关系代词时，这些词提到了前面而只剩下介词在后了。
2、 介词和动词、形容词、名词等常常构成固定搭配，也就是说，在这些词的后面常常要求用一定的介词。这一点在学习时要特别注意。如：
a.动词+介词：laugh at, wait for
b.形容词、过去分词+介词：be good at, be proud of
c名词+介词：pay a visit to , the key to
3、 表示选择关系的连词，连接的双方只取其一。常用连词有or, either...or, otherwise
例如：
a) You can go to Beijing either today or tomorrow.
b) You must get up early or you won’t catch the early bus.
4、 表示转折关系，连接的双方构成对比，意义上有转折。常用连词有but, however, while, only
例如：
a) His brother is fond of football while he likes basketball.
b) You can watch TV, but you must finish your homework first.
5、 表示联合关系，联合的双方是对等的，意义上趋向一致。常用连词有：and, both...and, neither...nor, not only...but also, as well as
To study English well, we need both diligence and careful.
That horse is not only the youngest among the five, but also runs the fastest.
6、 表示因果关系，连接的双方，互为因果，或者前因后果，或者前果后因。常用的连词有：for, so
例如：
It must have rained, for the ground is wet.
【考点诠释】
考点1 常见介词的活用
by，with，against，over，on，in，at，besides，for等是常考的介词。掌握这些介词的用法和意义、准确把握句子语境是解题的关键。下面是近年高考考查最多的几个介词，应重点掌握：
1.over可表位置，意为“在……上方，越过;遮住，盖住”，也可表时间，意为“在……期间，(多年)以来”等，它还有“在……(问题)上，对(某事)”等引申意义。如：
①Y0u can’t wear a blue jacket over that shirt—it’II look terrible.你不能在那件衬衣外面再穿上蓝色的夹克——太难看了。
②We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.我们一边喝茶一边愉快地交谈。
③We heard it over the radio.我们从广播中听到了它。
2.by的主要意思有“在……旁，靠近;乘(车、船等);不迟于;到……为止;被，由;根据，按照(关系);通过……方式”等，还可以用来表示增加或减少的程度。by构成的常见短语有：
by and by不久，迟早 by and large大体上
by oneself单独 by the way顺便说说
by far……得多，最…… by chance碰巧
by accident偶然地 by means of借助
by no means绝不，一点也不 by mistake错误地
①The water in the river rose by two meters.河水上涨了两米。
②He is an Englishman by birth.他在血统上是英国人。
3.with可以用来表示“带有，拥有;随着;就……来说;用，以;和，与;对于，关于”等意思。with还可用来表示原因。如：
①He turned red with anger.他气得脸变红了。
②The problem with looking into space from the earth is that there is a lot of dust in the earth’s air.从地球上观察太空存在一个问题，就是地球的大气中有大量的尘埃。
4.beyond这个词同学们平时接触的机会不是太多，但它却是一个考查热点。beyond表示“(时间)过了，比……晚，迟于;(位置)在……那边，超出……之外;(范围)超过，为……所
不及，超出……的范围”等意思。如：
①They arrived beyond nine o’clock.他们过了9：00才到。
②The book is beyond me.这本书我看不懂。
③Tom is far beyond his elder brother in maths.汤姆的数学比他哥哥的好多了。
考点2 介词的固定搭配-
高考主要考查学生对固定短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用。
1.名词词组：on the contrary相反;in turn依次;in one’s opinion根据某人的看法;off time准时;out of reach够不着
2.动词词组：remind sb of sth提醒某人某事;rob sb of sth抢劫某人的……;restdt from由……引起;call at访问(某地)
3.形容词词组：be curious about对……好奇;be proud of因……而自豪;be popular with受到……的欢迎
4.介词短语：apart from除……Pb;in addition to除……之外(还);because of因为;instead of代替;in fear of为……提心吊胆;for fear of以免;in case of防备;thanks to由于;in the middle of在……中间;according to根据;in front of在……前面;in return for作为对……的回报;in charge of负责;as a result of作为……的结果;in exchange for与……交换等
典例： Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients ______ name, not case number.
A of B as C by D with
【答案】C
【解析】考查介词辨析。句意：如今有些医院是以姓名来查阅患者的，而不是凭病例编号(去查询的)。by name按姓名.
考点3核心介词用法归纳与辨析
1.表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in，如：in the 1990s,in January,in(the)winter
in和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如：in the night,during the night,in the war,during the war。但略有区别：当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during，接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如：during the discussion/in discussing the problem during her stay in Hubei/in playing basketball/during the course of/in digging the tunnel
2.在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。
3.表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。
有些时间名词前有one，each，any，every，some，all，next，last，that修饰时,不接介词。如：
that day，next Sunday some day，one day
4.till、until、to的用法。
(1)till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如：
He waited for me till twelve o’clock.
He didn’t get up till (until) 10 a.m.(不可用to)
但注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用?until?。如：
Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.
(2)to表“终结”时常和from连用，但要注意不与from连用时的意义。如：
from July to September,from six to (till) eight(从……到……为止)，但from morning till night(从早到晚)，不能用to。
5.表示方式、手段、工具的介词
(1)by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天，但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计。
(2)表泛指的方式、手段:by post,by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材)，by electricity，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescope
(3)交通工具类。另外：by means of 用……方法，by way of 经由，取道于，用……方法;with the help(permission)of sb./with sb.’s help(permission)“在……帮助下”。
(4)表方式、手段的其他用法。
He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具、机器)
One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官，但by hand“手工，用手”)
He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)
注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink,pencil)。另外如：
in high(good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise, in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on one’s knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)
6.表示“除……之外”的几组常用介词比较。
(1)besides “除……以外，(还有)”。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。如：
It was too late to see a film,and besides,I was tired.
(2)except“除去，除……之外(不再有)”。如：
We all went except John.
在否定句中，两词可以换用，如：
He has no other hats except/besides this one.
(3)except for“除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)”后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与except that+句子意思相同。如：
He was very clever except for carelessness.
(4)except that...“除了……一点以外”。如：
He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.
(5)but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do,后省to);but与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……，but for...如不是……
7.介词的省略：
介词for表示时间的省略要求。
(1)以all开头的名词短语，for要省略。如：
I stayed with her all the morning.
(2)否定句中，表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。如：
I haven’t seen you for thirty years.
(3)时间状语在主句之前，for不能省略。如：
For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.
8.某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。
(1)要求接to的名词有：key,answer,visit,entrance,apology,introduction,road等。
(2)要求接in 的名词有：interest,satisfaction,expert等。
He is expert in teaching small children.
介词的用法很繁杂，要在平时注意积累。
【试题放送】
【2012湖北卷】25. The furniture, with its modern style and bright colors, suits modern houses and their gardens, but looks _______ in the garden of a traditional home
A. out of question B. out of order C. out of sight D. out of place
【答案】D
【考点】考查介词短语辨析。难度中等。
【解析】句意为：这套家具款式新潮，色泽明丽，与新式房屋和花园配套，但看起来与传统的房子和花园不相称。D项意为“与……不相称”，符合句意。A项意为“毫无疑问”，B项意为“次序颠倒”，C项意为“看不见”，都与句意不符。
【2012江苏卷】29. — Thank God you're safe!
—I stepped back, just to avoid the racing car.
A. in time B. in case C. in need D. in vain
【考点】介词短语
【答案】A
【解析】in time意为“及时”，in case意为“万一，假使”;in need意为“需要”;in vain意为“徒劳，无济于事”。句意为：——谢天谢地，你是安全的!——我走回去，正好避免赛车。符合题意。
【2012安徽卷】25. You can chang your job, you can move house,but friendship is meant to be life.
A. of B. on C. to D. For
【答案】D
【解析】选择D是正确的，mean在此表示“预定，指定”。The gift is meant for you. 这份礼物是给你的。 He was meant for [to be ]an electrician. 本来是准备把他培养成电工的。
【2012辽宁卷】27. The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place the main road at the far end of the lake.
A. to B. for C. off D. out
【考点】介词辨析
【答案】C
【解析】off 意思是“离开...,隔着...”，表示与……隔着一定的距离。
【2012四川卷】14. This training program can give you a lift at work, ____ increase your income by 40%.
A. as well as B. so long as C. so much as D. as soon as
14.【答案与解析】 A 本题考查介词as构成的短语用法区别。A意为“除…之外(还有);和”;B意为“只要”;C意为“与…一样多”(不用于肯定句);D意为“一…就”。此题句意为：这个培训计划除了可以提高你的收入40%之外，还能够让你在工作方面得到提升。根据句意选A。
【2012陕西卷】11.An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are ______________ it.
A . against B. for C .to D. with
【答案】A
【考点】考查介词。
【解析】所填介词与系动词be构成固定句型，意思是：反对，选A。be for支持，赞成;be to到达;be with和……在一起，都与句意不符。
【2012届江苏省苏、锡、常、镇四市高三调研测试(一)】25. _____________ our foreign policy, we now have multiple threats, very few of which involve the traditional battles of the past.
A. In honour of B. In terms of C. In the form of D. In defence of
【答案】B
【解析】考查介词短语的用法。此处In honour of用来纪念。。。; In terms of就。。。而言;谈到。。。;In the form of以。。。的形式;In defence of以保护。。。;此处为“就我们的外交政策而言。”
【2012届吉林省吉林市高三第二次模拟】28. We must read not only between the lines, but sometimes ________ the lines so that we can fully understand the writer.
A. within B. among C. besides D. beyond
【答案】D
【解析】查介词。此处beyond the lines意为“言外之意”。
【2012届山东省菏泽重点高中高三下学期4月模拟】27. Some students often listen to music ___ ___ classes to refresh themselves.
A. between B. among C. over D. during
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词的用法。此处between意为“位于/处在/介于……之间”，表示两者或每两者之间的关系。between classes表示“课间”。among意为“在(多数)之中，在……中间”，表示三者或三者以上的人或物之间的关系，指“混合或掺杂在多数可分离的人或物之间”。over 意为“越过……”。during 意为“在……的期间，在……的时候”。
【2012届广西桂林市、崇左市、百色市、防城港市高考联合调研】33.—You are so excellent.
—I don’t understand what you mean saying that.
A.by B.for C.of D.in
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词的用法。解题关键：句型what do you mean by 。。。句意：我不明白你那么说的意思。
【2012届浙江杭州重点高中原创模拟】13. ___________ the consequences of the chemical leaks, the specialists haven’t given final conclusion before they obtain accurate statistics.
A. With regard to B. As a result of C. In spite of D. In addition to
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词短语辨析。with regard to 意为“关于”;as a result of 意为“由于…的结果”;in spite of 意为“尽管”; in addition to 意为“除…之外”。 句意为：关于化学泄露所产生的后果，专家在拿到准确的数据之前，还没有给出最后结论。故选A。
【2012届北京海淀区高三一模】29. --- I’m going to have lunch. Do you mind talking about your plan ____ lunch?
---All right. I’ll wait here in the office.
A. after B. before C. over D. until
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词题。在看到第一句话的时候本以为考查的是over在……同时的知识点，难度较高。例如：Could you please have a talk with me over a cup of coffee?你能和我喝杯咖啡说说话吗?表示在喝咖啡的同时说话。但是看到第二句话立刻晕倒，另一个人说在这里等，那明显是午饭后再谈，所以答案为A选项after。只要不胡乱添加中文意思，就不会误选B选项和D选项。
【2012届江西省上饶市第一次高考模拟】26.The director will by no means turn the actress away all she is considered the most qualified for the role.
A.because of B.regardless of C.in spite of D.despite of
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词短语的含义。句意：导演绝不会拒绝那个演员，因为她被认为是这个角色最合格的演员。
高三英语教案：《特殊词复习》教学设计
俗话说，凡事预则立，不预则废。作为高中教师就要精心准备好合适的教案。教案可以让学生们能够更好的找到学习的乐趣，减轻高中教师们在教学时的教学压力。高中教案的内容要写些什么更好呢？小编收集并整理了“高三英语教案：《特殊词复习》教学设计”，欢迎大家与身边的朋友分享吧！
本文题目：高三英语语法复习教案：特殊词复习教案
8.1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事，stop doing 停止做某事。例如：
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。
I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。
8.2 forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘记要去做某事，forget doing 忘记做过某事。例如：
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)
典型例题
---- The light in the office is still on. ---- Oh，I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
8.3 remember doing/to do
remember to do 记得去做某事，remember doing 记得做过某事。例如：
Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
8.4 regret doing/to do
regret to do 对将要做的事遗憾，regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。例如：
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。
I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
典型例题
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。
8.5 cease doing/to do
cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事，cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。例如：
That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个系已不复存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。
8.6 try doing/to do
try to do 努力，企图做某事，try doing 试验，试着做某事。例如：
You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。
8.7 go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事，go on doing 继续做原来做的事。例如：
After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习
8.8 be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"，be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着，不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
8.9 be interested doing/to do
interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事，interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。例如：
I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。(想了解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法)
8.10 mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想，mean doing 意味着。例如：
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着增加购买力。
8.11 begin(start) doing/to do
begin / start to do sth /begin / start doing sth.
1)谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing。例如：
How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴?
2)begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do。例如：
I was beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。
3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。例如：
I begin to understand the truth。我开始明白真相。
4)事物作主语时。例如：
The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了
8.12 感官动词 + doing/to do
感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，+doing 表示动作的进行性。例如：
I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
典型例题
1)They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playingC. playD. to play
答案A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。
高三英语教案：《语法知识特殊词复习》教学设计
特殊词精讲
8.1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事，stop doing 停止做某事。例如：
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。
I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。
8.2 forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘记要去做某事，forget doing 忘记做过某事。例如：
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)
典型例题
---- The light in the office is still on. ---- Oh，I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
8.3 remember doing/to do
remember to do 记得去做某事，remember doing 记得做过某事。例如：
Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
8.4 regret doing/to do
regret to do 对将要做的事遗憾，regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。例如：
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。
I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
典型例题
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。
8.5 cease doing/to do
cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事，cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。例如：
That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个系已不复存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。
8.6 try doing/to do
try to do 努力，企图做某事，try doing 试验，试着做某事。例如：
You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。
8.7 go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事，go on doing 继续做原来做的事。例如：
After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习
8.8 be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"，be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着，不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
8.9 be interested doing/to do
interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事，interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。例如：
I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。(想了解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法)
8.10 mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想，mean doing 意味着。例如：
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着增加购买力。
8.11 begin(start) doing/to do
begin / start to do sth /begin / start doing sth.
1)谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing。例如：
How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴?
2)begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do。例如：
I was beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。
3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。例如：
I begin to understand the truth。我开始明白真相。
4)事物作主语时。例如：
The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了
8.12 感官动词 + doing/to do
感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，+doing 表示动作的进行性。例如：
I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
典型例题
1)They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playingC. playD. to play
答案A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。
高三英语教案：《形容词与副词复习》教学设计
一名优秀的教师在教学方面无论做什么事都有计划和准备，作为高中教师就要在上课前做好适合自己的教案。教案可以让学生能够在教学期间跟着互动起来，减轻高中教师们在教学时的教学压力。写好一份优质的高中教案要怎么做呢？以下是小编为大家收集的“高三英语教案：《形容词与副词复习》教学设计”但愿对您的学习工作带来帮助。
本文题目：高三英语教案：形容词与副词复习
专题04 形容词与副词
【备考策略】
一、形容词的比较级和最高级的使用
说 明 例 词
一般情况 加er, est smaller,smallest
以e 结尾 加r,st larger,largest
单音节词和少数多音节的形容词，加词尾er ,est 以"辅音字母+y "结尾的词 改y为i，再加er,est busier,busiest
重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写末尾辅音字母，加er,est fatter,fattest
以ow,er结尾的双音节词 加er ,est narrower,narrowestcleverer,clevest
多数双音节和多音节的词 加more most more beautiful,most important
(1)副词的比较级和最高级
1.大多数以ly结尾的副词前加more 和most 来构成比较级和最高级。
2.少数单音节副词，加er,est 构成其比较级和最高级 。
几个特殊的形容词和副词
原级 比较级 最高级
good ,well better best
bad, ill, badly worse worst
many ,much more most
little less least
far farther, further farthest,further
old older, elder oldest, eldest
(2)比较级和最高级的常用句型
名称 句型 例句
相等 as 原形 as (as 原形+名词 as ) The train travels as fast as the 3:55 train. He has not as much money as his friend.
不及 not as(so) 原形 as (not as[so ]+名词+原形 as ) She is not as (so)beautiful as her sister.
比较级+ than Health is more important than wealth.
超越 the +比较级+of the two两者中较… 的一个 He is the taller of the two.
用于否定 no +比较级+than 和…一样不 He is no richer than I.他和我一样不富有。
用于否定 最…不过 His work couldn't be worse.他的工作再糟糕不过了。
程度递增 er and er，more and more+多音节词原级 (越来越…) higher and higher more and more important
两种情况同时变化 the +比较级，the+比较级(越…，越…) The quicker you get ready, the sooner we'll be able to leave.
三者或三者以上比较 the +最高级+of/in+比较范围(…之中最…) Of all things in the world, people are the precious.
(3)比较级结构的修饰语
1.用于原级之前：
almost, nearly, just, exactly, quite, half , twice,three times , a third,etc.
John is almost as tall as you.
The river is three times as long as that one.
We have a third as many students as we had last term.
2.用于比较级前
many, a few (用于"more +可数名词"前)
It takes many more hours to go there by train than by plane.
a lot, much , a bit, even, a little , still, a great deal, far, rather, two years, ten percent,three times etc.
It's cold this year, but it's even colder last year.
We produced 6% more grain this year than we did last year.
3.用于形容词和最高级前
the very , much the ,by far the ,the first/second
This hat is by far the largest in the world.
Gold is the very most valuable of all materials . 二、位置与功能
高考重点要求
1.掌握形容词、副词比较级、最高级的常用句型及用法
2.掌握形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级修饰语及倍数的比较表达。
3.注意多外形容词修饰同一名词的前后顺序。
4.分清常用同义与近义形容词在表达中的语义差别。
1.定语。
在名词前做定语，为最常见用法。请注意多个形容词(含其它起形容词作用的词)做前置定语的顺序。
"县官行令杀国才。"这一句就概述了形容词顺序问题。即：
限(冠词[物主代词、指示代词]数词等)观 (描绘) 形(大小、形状等) 龄 (年龄、新旧等)色(色彩)国(国籍、出处等)材(材料、功用等)
an interesting English film a heavy black Chinese silk umbrella
做后置定语。修饰由不定代词no ,any, some ，every和one,thing等构成的复合词或形容词短语。
2.表语。一定要注意系动词的出现情况。这是一个高考热点问题。
常见系动词有：be
变化系词： become, get ,turn, grow, go
保持系词： keep ,remain, stay
感观系词： look, smell , taste, feel, sound,appear , seem ,prove etc.
3.形容词作状语，表状况、原因、结果等。这也是应注意的一点。
He went to bed , cold and hungry.
4.做宾补。
N：①某些以a 开始的形容词只做表语，不做定语。
afraid, alike, alone, asleep ,awake，alive
②某些表身体健康状况的形容词只能做表语,不做定语
well, ill faint
③某些以-ly 结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。
friendly, lively, lovely, lonely, likely, deadly, orderly 等。
④复合形容词的形式问题。
an 800-meter-wide river an English-speaking country a middle-aged man
副词
位置
1)时间副词和地点副词一般放于句尾。如同时出现，则地点副词在前。
They went boating in Zhongshan Park yesterday.
2)表频率的时间副词是高考的热点
always, seldom, often, never, rarely, usually 等，通常放于行为动词之前，be词、情态动词和助动词之 后。
He is always telling lies,so I will never believe him.
3)程度副词一般放在被修饰词之前(但 enough除外)
He is very young ,so he is not old enough to go to school.
N:有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以ly 结尾，但它们的含义是不同的。
closely-close nearly-near freely-free deeply-deep highly-high widely-wide 等。
以ly 结尾的词表较为抽象的含义，而与形容词同形的副词则表较为具体的概念。
He is highly praised for what he has done. (高度地)
He can see a bird is flying high in the sky.(飞得高，具有可见性)
考点解析
考点一、倍数表达法
表示倍数的句型： (1)A is+倍数+比较级+than+B (2)A is+倍数+as+原级+as+B (3)A is+倍数+the+名词(size，length，height 等)+of+B (4)A is+倍数+that+of+B (5)A is+倍数+what 引导的名词性从句 ①This building is three times higher than that one. This building is three times as high as that one. This building is three times the height of that one. 这个建筑物是那个建筑物的3倍高。 ②The output of this year is 3 times that of 2012. =The output of this year is 3 times what it was in 20012. 今年的产量是2012年的三倍。 ③After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced twice as many cars in 2012as the year before. 自从新技术被引进以后，这家工厂2008年生产的小汽车是上一年的两倍。 1. When you study the local map，you’ll find this town is________. A.twice the si ze of that one B.twice as a large town as that C.twice as larger as that one D.twice as la rger a town as that 解析： 句意为：当你研究当地的地图时，你会发现这座城镇是那个的两倍大。倍数的表达方式：A is +倍数+the+名词(如size/length)+of B;B项中不定冠词位置错误;C、D项中as后应用形容词原级。答案： A 2. Peter’s jacket looked just the same as Jack’s，but it cost________his. A.as much twice as B.twice as much as C.much as twice as D.as twice much as 解析： 倍数表达法是形容词比较等级中一种很常用的比较级结构。不管用哪种比较级结构来表示比较，表示倍数的词总是放在比较级结构的最前面。答案： B 3. My uncle’s house in the downtown area is much smaller than ours，but it is twice_ _______expensive. A.as B.so C.too D.very 解析： 考查倍数表达法。这里的倍数是“twice”，由expensive这一原级可知，这里使用了“as...as...”这一比较结构，在具体的语境中，后面的一个as以及后面的成分可以承前省略，即这里expensive后面省略了as ours。答案： A 考点二、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级
1.“as+形容词+(a/an)+名词+as”表示同级比较，注意中间的形容词和名词并列时各自所在的位置。 It is generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science. 人们普遍认为，教学是一门科学，同时也是一门艺术。 2.“as+形容词/副词的原级+as”与“not as/so+形容词/副词的原级+as”表示同级比较，即两个或两部分人或物在性质上或程度上相同(不同)。 The work is not as/so difficult as you imagine. 这项工作不是像你想像的那么难。 3.“the+比较级+of the two +名词”表示“两者中较……的那个”。 The taller of the two boys is my brother. 两个男孩中较高的那位是我哥哥。 4.a+形容词比较级+n.…… After two years’ research，we have a far better understanding of the disease. 研究两年之后，现在我们对这种病有更好的理解。 We went to the USA in search of a better life. 为了寻找更美好的生活我们去了美国。 5.比较级的修饰语常见的有：rather，much，still，even，far，any(用于否定句或疑问句)，a lot，a little，a great deal，by far，a bit 等。 The students study even harder than before. 学生们学习比以前更努力了。 A car runs a great deal faster than a bike. 汽车比自行车跑得快得多。 6.最高级 (1)最高级的修饰语常见的有：序数词，by far，nearly，almost，by no means，not really，not quite，nothing like。 The bridge being built now is by far the longest across the Yellow River. 目前正在建的那座桥是横跨黄河之上的桥当中最长的桥。 I’d like to buy the second most expensive camera. 我想买仅次于最贵的照相机。 (2)否定词+比较级=最高级。 There is no greater love than that of a man who lays down his life for his friends. 为朋友而放弃生命的人的爱是最伟大的爱。 —Are you satisfied with what he said at the meeting? ——你对他在会议上说的满意吗? —No.It couldn’t have been worse. ——不，不能再差了。 1. Believe it or not，swimming is________as any to lose unwanted weight. A.a way as good B.as a good way C.as a way good D.as good a way 解析： 考查固定短语。as...as表示“和……一样”，固定表达方式有“as+adj./adv.+as”“as+adj.+a/an+n.+as”等。
答案： D
2. —Do you think that the 11th Chinese National Games were a success? —Yes，________!It couldn’t be ________. A.relatively;better B.approximately;worse C.absolutely;better D.fortunately;worse 解析： 本题考查副词和形容词在语境中的运用。relatively 相对地，比较地;approximately 大约;absolutely 当然是，绝对正确;fortunately 幸运地。根据语境知，第十一届全运会绝对是一个成功的盛会，没有比它更好的了，故C项正确。
答案： C
3. Of the two cameras，I would prefer ________one，which is very easy for me to carry. A.a smaller B.the smallest C.a small D.the smaller 解析： 考查形容词比较级。由of the two cameras 可知，总共有两台相机，其中“小的那台”，应该用比较级smaller，同时又是“确指”的概念，所以用the smaller，选D项。
答案： D
考点三、形容词、副词的基本用法
1.形容词作状语表示伴随或结果，并不表达动作的方式。
After the long journey，the three of them went back home，hungry and tired. 经过长时间旅行后，他们三个回到家，又饿又累。 2.有些副词还可以作连词，作副词时常放在句末。如：though，(ever)since，in case等
He is old.He works hard，though.
=Though he is old，he works hard. 虽然他年事已高，但他工作还是很努力。 3.有些副词置于句首可修饰全句，作评注性状语。如：obviously，naturally，surprisingly等
Fortunately，he was not drowned and was saved by the PLA. 幸运的是，他没被淹死，被解放军给救了。 Happily for her，her stepmother was kind to her. 高兴的是，她的继母对她很好。 4.can not/never 与enough 或too连用表示：无论怎样都不过分;越……越好。
—I was riding alone in the street and all of a sudden，a car cut in and knocked me down. ——我正在大街上独自一人骑自行车，突然一辆小汽车强行超车把我撞倒了。 —You can never be too careful in the street. — —在大街上你越仔细越好。 1. ________，she is the sort of woman to spread sunshine to people through her smile. A.Shy and cautious B.Sensitive and thoughtful C.Honest and confident D.Lighthearted and optimistic 解析： 句意为：她无忧无虑、积极乐观，是那种用微笑给别人带来快乐的人。本题考查形容词作伴随状语。shy and cautious 害羞的、小心的;sensitive and thoughtful 敏感的、多思的;honest and confide nt 诚实的、自信的。
答案： D
2. Jim went to answer the phone.________，Harry started to prepare lunch. A.However B.Nevertheless C.Besides D.Meanwhile 解析： 句意为：Jim 去接电话了。与此同时，Harry 开始做午饭。本题考查副词用法。A.然而;B.虽然如此;C.除此之外;D.与此同时。根据前后句逻辑关系，应选择表示并列关系的D。
答案： D
3. We only had 0 and that was________to buy a new computer. A.nowhere near enough B.near enough nowhere C.enough near nowhere D.near nowhere enough 解析： 句意为：我们只有100美元，离买台新电脑的钱还差得远呢。本题考查修饰 词顺序。not anywhere near 或nowhere near：far from，not at all远非，绝不是，为固定短语。
答案： A
4. When it was his turn to deliver his speech，________，he walked towards the microphone. A.nervously and embarrassingly B.nervous and embarrassedly C.nervously and embarrassing D.nervous and embarrassed 解析： 该题考查形容词作状语。形容词一般作定语，但也可作状语。如：He lay in bed，awake.再如：Her husband came back，drunk.
答案： D
五年高考
A组 2012年全国高考题组
1.【2012浙江卷】10.__ The research lacks evidence, and therefore, its conclusions are doubtful. A. solid B. fierce C. severe D. potential
【考点】形容词词义辨析
【答案】A
【解析】根据句意：研究缺乏实证(solid evidence)，因此所得出的结论还有待考证。fierce激烈的;severe严重的;potential，有潜力的，均不符合语境，故排除。
2.【2012湖北卷】26. “Perhaps we need to send for Dr. Smith to see what we can do about it,” Father suggested ________ to his neighbor who had come to discuss the problem.
A. tentatively B. thoughtlessly C. definitely D. rudely
【答案】 A
【考点】考查副词辨析 教学资源集散地。">。难度中等。
【解析】句意为：“看来我们要请史密斯先生来看看我们对此如何处理”，父亲对到此讨论此问题的邻居试探性地说。A项“试探性地”，符合语境。B项意为“欠考虑地”，C项意为“明确地”，D项意为“粗鲁地”，都与语境不符。
3.【2012山东卷】33. Be _______ — you can’t expect me to finish all this work in so little time.
A. reasonable B. confident
C. creative D. grateful
【答案】A
【解析】此处confident信心;creative有创造力的;grateful感激的;reasonable有道理的。句意：要讲道理，你不能指望我在如此短的时间里完成所有的工作。
【考点】考查形容词词义辨析及语境理解。 4.【2012全国新课程】26. The result is not very important to us, but if we do win, then so much _______. A. the best B. best C. better D. the better 【答案】D
【解析】此处so much修饰名词，所以用the better的形式。句意：这结果对我们来说不很重要，但如果我们真的赢了，那就太好了。
【考点】考查形容词、副词的比较等级的用法。 5.【2012安徽卷】23. Interest is as to learning as the ability to understand , even more so.
A. vital B. available C. specific D. Similar
【答案】A
【解析】Be vital to 表示：对.....极端重要;something be available to somebody表示：某人可以得到某物，列句：cooperative medical service is available to all the members of the the commune. C答案specific 不能与to 搭配;D 答案 similar to 表示：与.....相似。
本题可以把定于to understand 省掉，也可以把后面的even more so省掉或还原。
Interest is as to learning as the ability 这样可以确定B是错误的，D更是错误的。
Interest is even more than the ability to understand.
很佩服出卷人!
原句： Interest is vital to learning 互联网对于学习极端重要。
变化之一：Interest is as vital to learning as the ability to understand 互联网对于学习极端重要，就像理解能力对于学习极端重要一样，互联网甚至比理解能力更加重要。
【考点】考查形容词。
6.【2012湖南】24. Bicycling is good exercise; ____, it does not pollute the air.
A. nevertheless B. besides C. otherwise D. therefore
【答案】B
【考点】本题考察副词含义辨析。
【解析】根据句意：“骑自行车是一种很好的运动方式，而且又不会造成大气污染”故选B(besides而且，加之，除此以外)。词汇 副词besides
7.【2012辽宁卷】22. We used to see each other , but I haven’t head from him since last year. A. especially B. regularly C. particularly D. approximately
【考点】副词词义辨析
【答案】B
【解析】A项意为“尤其;特别”;B项意为“定期地，经常地”;C项意为“特别，尤其”;D项意为“近似地，大约”。根据句意“我们原来经常见面，但从去年我就没再收到过他的信”。
8.【2012四川卷】7. The hotel is almost finished, but it _____ needs one or two weeks to get ready for guests.
A. only B. also C. even D. still
【答案】 D
【考点】本题考查副词用法
【解析】根据句意“这个旅馆差不多竣工了，但仍还要一两周才可以接待客人。”选still(仍然，还)。
B组 2008-2011年全国高考题组
1.【2011浙江卷,9】The professor could tell by the ___________look in Maria’s eyes that she didn't understand a single word of his lecture
A. cold B. blank C. innocent D. fresh
【答案】B
【考点】考查形容词的辨义。
【解析】句意为“根据Maria茫然的眼神，这位教授能够看出她对他所讲的内容连一个字也没有听懂。”cold冰冷的;blank空虚的，茫然的;innocent无辜的;fresh新鲜的。根据后面didn't understand，选B。
2.【2011浙江卷,13】I’ve been writing this report____ for the last two weeks, but it has to be handed in tomorrow.
A. finally B. immediately C. occasionally D. certainly
【答案】C
【考点】考查副词的辨义。
【解析】句意为“在过去的两周里，我是时续时断地写这个报告，可是这个报告明天就得交了。”finally最终地;immediately立即，马上;occasionally偶尔地;certainly肯定地。根据but it has to be handed in tomorrow句意，选C。
3.【2011浙江卷,16】My schedule is very ______right now, but I’ll try to fit you in.
A. tight B. short C. regular D. flexible
【答案】A
【考点】考查形容词的辨义。
【解析】句意为“现在，我的计划很紧凑，但我会尽力把你安排进去。”tight (安排)紧凑的, 紧密的;short简短的，短缺的, 不够;regular有规律的, 定期的，符合规定的;flexible柔韧的，灵活的，可变通的。
4.【2011四川卷,12】——How are your recent trip to Sichuan?
——I’ve never had one before.
A. a pleasant B. a more pleasant C. a most pleasant D. the most pleasant
【答案】B
【考点】考查比较级的否定用法。
【解析】句意为“——最近你到四川的旅行怎么样?——从来没有这么愉快过。”否定词never与a more pleasant连用，表示“非常愉快”，等于最高级。the most pleasant是特指，需要有比较的范围，但是这个范围并不存在。因此选B。
5.【2011陕西卷,17】The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be the present one。
A.as three times big as B. three times as big as
C. as big as three times D. as big three times as
【答案】B
【考点】考查倍数的表达法。
【解析】句意为“为下一届亚运会而修建的体育馆将会是目前的体育馆三倍大小。”表示倍数的词做修饰语时，放在as的前面，即“倍数 + as + adj + as”， 因此选B。
6.【2011湖北卷,23】The old engineer’s eyes still shone bright in the wrinkled brown face and his step as he came across the room was________，though slow.
A. shaky B. heavy C. casual D. steady
【答案】D
【考点】考查形容词的辨义。
【解析】句意为“这位年长的工程师，古铜色的脸上布满皱纹，但目光炯炯。当他走过房间时，步子虽慢但是沉稳。”shaky颤抖的;heavy沉重的;casual漠不关心的，冷淡的;steady稳定的。根据前面的交代，选D。
7.【2011湖北卷,24】An unhappy childhood may have some negative effects on a person’s characters; however, they are not always_________,
A. practical B. avoidable C. permanent D. beneficial
【答案】C
【考点】考查形容词的辨义。
【解析】句意为“不幸的童年可能会对人的性格产生一些消极的影响;然而，这些影响不总是持久的。”practical实际的，实用的;avoidable可避免的;permanent永久的，持久的;beneficial有益的。根据语意，选择C。
8.【2011湖北卷,25】The state-run company is required to make its accounts as_________ as possible for its staff to monitor the use of money.
A. transparent B. reasonable C. secure D. formal
【答案】A
【考点】考查形容词的辨义。
【解析】句意为“这家国营企业被要求财务尽可能做到透明，以便公司的员工能对金钱的使用加以监督。”transparent透明的;reasonable合理的;secure安全的;formal正式的。根据句意，选A。
9. 【2010浙江卷】I have been convinced that the print media are usually more and more reliable than television.
A. accurate B. ridiculous C. urgent D. shallow
【答案】A
【考点】本题考查形容词辨析。
【解析】分析四个选项的意思：accurate 精确的;ridiculous可笑的, 滑稽的;urgent紧急的;shallow浅的, 肤浅的。根据句意：我确信印刷媒体常常会比电视更准确、更可靠。
10. 【2010浙江卷】Do you think shopping online will take the place of shopping in stores?
A. especially B. frequently C. merely D. finally
【答案】D
【考点】本题考查副词辨析。
【解析〗分析四个选项的意思：especially 特别, 尤其;frequently经常, merely仅仅, finally最终。根据语境：你认为网上购物最终会替代商场购物吗?
11. 【2010浙江卷】Playing on a frozen sports field sounds like a lot of fun. Isn’t it rather risky, ____?
A. though B. also C. either D. too
【答案】A
【考点】本题考查副词辨析。
【解析】根据句意：在冰场上玩耍听起来很有趣。然会不会有危险呢?前后两句之前是明显的转折关系, 所以选择though。
12. 【2010上海卷】It took us quite a long time to get to the amusement park. It was journey.
A. three hour B. a three-hours C. a three-hour D. three hours
【答案】C
【考点】此题考查复合形容词
【解析】数词+连字符+名词的用法, 连字符连接的词作名词定语且用单数。意为 “三小时的路程”
三年模拟
A组 2012年全国高考模拟题组
1. (浙江省杭州十四中2011学年高三三月月考 15)The knowledge that I had caused him to lose his job made me bitterly ______.
A. desperate B. innocent C. ashamed D. immoral
2.( 浙江省2012届高三六校联考 7)
---- May I check in now?
---- Sorry, sir! But there’s not any room ______ in our hotel.
A. useful B. convenient C. flexible D. available
3.( 浙江省2012届重点中学协作体高三第二学期3月调研试题 13) It is generally believed that a successful Olympic Games _____ relies on well-performed IT services.
A. largely B. narrowly C. only D. simply
4.(浙江省苍南县灵溪中学2012届高三高考模拟 7)Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. ________, our minds are developed by learning.
A. Probably B. Likely C. Similarly D. Generally
5.(浙江省苍南县树人中学2012届高三第一次月考试题36)She devoted herself ______ to her research and it earned her a good reputation in her field.
A. strongly B. freely
C. entirely D. extremely
6. (浙江省慈溪中学2012届高三10月月考 2)Nowadays, there is a ______ increase in children’s creativity, for they are greatly encouraged to develop their talents.
A. sharp B.slight C.natural D.modest
7.(浙江省慈溪中学2012届高三10月月考16)When we think of communication , we _________ think of using words---- talking face to face, writing messages, and so on .
A. shortly B. probably C. practically D. n ormally
8. (2011学年第二学期奉化二中第一次月考试卷 36) Millions of young people are so ________ about the so-called “Singles Day”
that even websites like Taobao have special sales on November 11.
A. particular B. positive C. enthusiastic D. cautious
9.(嘉兴一中2011学年第二学期摸底考试 3)
--Do you think it's a good idea to make friends with your students?
-- , I do. I think it's a great idea.
A. Especially B. Obviously C. Actually D. Generally
10.(嘉兴一中2011学年第二学期摸底考试6)Our ______resources and stable policy provide foreigners with the advantages they invest here.
A. attractive B. abundant C. available D. authentic
11. (浙江省宁波四中2012届高三上学期期末考试题 5) Lifelong musicians are less _______ to experience age-related hearing problems than non-musicians, according to a new Canadian study.
A. possible B. possibly C. probably D. likely
12. (浙江省宁波四中2012届高三上学期期末考试题 12)China's population of one and a third billion is currently the world's _______. India is second at 1.2 billion.
A. largest B. biggest C. greatest D. most
B组 2010-2011年全国高考模拟题组
1.(杭州市2011年高三第一次高考科目教学质量检测 4)
—I played basketball for a whole morning yesterday and felt pretty good. —You will be healthier if you exercise more . A.regularly B.extremely C.fluently D.annually 2.(宁波效实中学2011年高三模拟考试 15)The shop owner promised me that he would inform me as soon as the product became . A.approachable B.affordable C.available D.accessible 3.(宁波效实中学2011年高三模拟考试 16)The performance started in silence with an empty stage. When the dancer appeared and moved her body to the music, the dialogs and story began. A.accurately B.regularly C.flexibly D.vividly 4. (宁海县正学中学第一次阶段性测试 27)
--Did all of exchange students from Korea go to the Lotus Park yesterday afternoon, James? --No. They ___ ___ went to the Xiazhu Lake instead. A. almost B. mostly C. most D. nearly 5.(浙江省2011年高考名师名校交流卷(九) 4) It is always ______________ when you misunderstand the customs of other countries. A. embarrassing B. specific C. typical D. unique 6.(浙江省2011年高考名师名校交流卷(九)5)What the little boy got from his father was __________magazine. A. a large interesting French B.an interesting French large C. a French large interesting D.an interesting large French
7. (浙江省海盐县元济高级中学2010届高三第一次摸底考试 36)
---Will you be ________ this afternoon, Samuel?
---It depends. I’m afraid I’ll watch NBA.
A. suitable B. accessible C. convenient D. available
8.(嘉兴一中2010级高三上学期英语摸底测验卷 30)She devoted herself to her research and it earned her a good reputation in her field .
A.strongly B.extremely C.entirely D.freely
9.(金华十校2008 2009学年第二学期期末考试 24)Defeat is .You lose one or two games and you stop believing you can win.
A.physical B.political C.psychological D.beneficial
10.(温州中学2009学年第一学期第一次月考 6) He did it _________ it took me.
A. one-third a time B. one-third the time
C. the one-third time D. one-third time
